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Diagnostic Imaging Tatum > DegenerativeSpineDz > Flashcards

DegenerativeSpineDz Flashcards

1
Q

most common segments in spine for degenerative disc disease

A

cervicals - C5 and C6

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2
Q

characteristics of degenerative disc disease

A
  • decreased disc height
  • osteophyte formation
  • endplate sclerosis
  • vacuum phenomenon
  • subluxation
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3
Q

degeneration of outer disc. marked by osteophytes

A

spondylosis deformans

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4
Q

degeneration of inner disc. marked by reduced IVD space

A

intervertebral chondrosis

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5
Q

posterior osteophytes in DDD could suggest what

A

vertebral canal stenosis

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6
Q

who described inner and outer DDD

A

resnick and niwayama

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7
Q

what are some of the findings of IVD osteochondrosis

A
  • primary degeneration of the nucleus pulposus
  • loss of disc height with minimal osteophytosis
  • knutson’s vacuum phenomenon
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8
Q

nitrogen gas within cracks and fissures of a desiccated disc that causes radiolucent line in the IVD space

A

knutson’s vacuum phenomenon

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9
Q

where is knutson’s vacuum phenomenon most likely seen and what does it signify

A

best seen at anterior margin of the IVD on extension films and it indicates DDD

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10
Q

degeneration of annulus fibrosis

A

spondylosis deformans… also may includes prominent ostephytosis

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11
Q

do osteophytes in spondylosis deformans normally extend horizontally then vertically or vice versa

A

horizontally then vertically. they may even bridge the IVD space

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12
Q

intercalary ossicles indicate

A

annulus degeneration (spondylosis deformans)

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13
Q

represents infraction, compression, and necrosis of stressed subchondral bone trabeculae

A

endplate sclerosis

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14
Q

modic type I

A
  • dark T1

- bright T2

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15
Q

modic type II

A
  • bright T1

- bright T2

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16
Q

modic type III

A
  • dark T1

- dark T2

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17
Q

what does modic type I indicate

A

inflammation (marrow edema)

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18
Q

what does modic type II indicate

A

fat

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19
Q

what does modic type III indicate

A

sclerosis

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20
Q

exaggerated endplate sclerosis caused by DDD

A

hemispherical spondylosclerosis

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21
Q

abrupt, focal, radiolucent IVD displacement into the cancellous bone of the adjacent vertebral body

A

schmorl’s nodes

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22
Q

what do schmorl’s nodes indicate

A

DDD

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23
Q

disc space narrowing and endplate irregularity

A

scheuermann’s disease

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24
Q

juvenile discongenic disease

A

scheuermann’s disease

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25
up to 20-40% of those presenting to MRI with back pain have what diagnosis
scheuermann's disease
26
posterior subluxation is caused by
DDD
27
anterior subluxation is caused by
posterior joint arthrosis (spondylolisthesis)
28
what is the clinical significance of uncinate hypertrophy
IVF encroachment
29
lateral projection of degeneration of uncinate processes can give the appearance of
pseudofracture
30
exuberant hypertrophic changes involving the anterior vertebral body margins
DISH
31
DISH
diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
32
synonyms for DISH
- ankylosing hyperostosis | - forestier's disease
33
symptoms and associations with DISH
- males over 50 - incidence higher in diabetics - hoarsness - dysphagia
34
where is DISH most prevalent in the spine
ALL from lower cervicals to upper lumbars
35
pathological osseous proliferation at tendon or ligament insertion
enthesopathy
36
are enthesopathies degenerative or inflammatory
both
37
what is a clinical possibility that people with DISH to be checked for
diabetes mellitus
38
what is the most likely etiology for siatica
disc herniation
39
japanese disease
OPLL
40
OPLL is often seen with what other condition
DISH
41
can result in loss of sagittal diameter of the spinal canal, with resultant myelopathy
OPLL
42
what percentage of disc herniations are asymptomatic
20-35%
43
one of the most serious complications of disc herniations
cauda equina syndrome
44
what is the next step upon diagnosis of cauda equina syndrome
neurosurgical consultation
45
symptoms of cauda equina syndrome
- altered bowel and bladder function - impotence - saddle paresthesia - progressive muscle atrophy
46
most common surgical procedure to treat IVD herniation
discectomy. (others include laminectomy, precutaneous discectomy, microdiscectomy)
47
conservative management of IVD herniation
- chiropractic - limited bed rest - drugs (NSAID) - injections (epidural steroids) - physical therapy (ice, braces, modalities) - acupuncture
48
if there is a lateral herniation of the C5/C6 disc what is affected
C6 nerve root
49
if there is a midline disc herniation of the C5/C6 what is affected
this results in myelopathies
50
if there is a lateral herniation of the L3/L4 disc what is affected
L3 nerve root
51
if there is a midline herniation of the L3/L4 disc what is affected
L4 nerve root
52
what are the contents of the spinal canal
- thecal sac - epidural fat - internal vertebral plexus - ligamentum flavum - PLL
53
which film modality does not use radiation
MRI
54
considered gold standard for disc imaging
MRI
55
zones of herniation
- central - paracentral - foraminal - extraforaminal
56
what are some indirect findings on plain films of disc herniation
- marginal osteophytes - reduced disc space - posterior subluxation - radiopaque ossicle in vertebral canal
57
area of high signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI of the disc, usually referring to the outer annulus
high intensity zone
58
circumferential symmetric extension of the disc beyond the interspace
bulge
59
focal or asymmetric extension of the disc beyond the interspace
protrusion
60
extreme extension of the disc beyond the interspace
extrusion
61
no connection between the disc and the fragment that used to be the disc
sequestration
62
imaging study that identifies disc lesions by injecting a water or oil based contrast into the subarachnoid space
myelogram
63
imaging study that identifies disc lesions by injecting a radiopaque contrast into the nucleus pulposus to image morphology
discography
64
narrowing of the spinal canal or IVF
spinal stenosis
65
ocngenital form of spinal stenosis
achondroplasia
66
three zones of the spinal canal
central - spinal canal
67
what is considered "spinal stenosis" in the cervical spine
less than 12mm
68
what is considered "spinal stenosis" in the lumbar spine
less than 15mm
69
what are the parameters for the sagittal spinal canal when making measurements
anterior line - posterior portion of vertebral body

Diagnostic Imaging Tatum (4 decks)

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