Definitions w examples Flashcards
excitation and inhibition
excitation- increase in neural activity following stimulation
ex/touching hand to hot stove
inhibition- neural activation is reduced following stimulation
ex/
Ego defense mechanisms
according to Freud, exist to suppress painful or traumatic thoughts. ex/ refusing to acknowledge the death of a loved one
ex/repression, denial, projection, displacement, regression, sublimation
denial: smoker refuses to acknowledge that smoking is bad for her health. this allows her to continue the behavior without the negative feelings of consequence
icon-index-symbol
icon: resembles its referent. ex/falling rocks road sign
index: linked by association ex/lightning and thunder
symbol: arbitrary link ex/most words
induction-deduction-abduction
induction: combines facts to arrive at conclusions. ex/leaving for school at 7am each morning, and you’re on time. so, you assume that as long as you leave by 7am you’ll always be on time
deduction: uses theory to generate testable predictions
ex/ all apples are fruits, all fruits grow on trees; therefore all apples must grow on trees
Abduction: process of hypothesis generation
ex/bread grows mold more quickly when not placed in fridge; perhaps temperature affects mold growth
Piaget’s stages of development
sensorimotor- coordination of senses and motor response; and language, object permanence
ex/ “ma” to get mother’s attention
preoperational- use of symbols, imagination, and egocentrism and animism
ex/a child believes that her teddy bear has feelings
concrete operational: concepts attached to concrete situations and conservation developed
ex/ child can recognize that when a beaker of water is poured into a cylinder, the amount of water does not change even though it changed shape
formal operational- abstract thinking, logic and reasoning
ex/ ability to analyze piece of literature and arrive at conclusions, and form own opinions
Levels of linguistic analysis
- Phonetics- study of basic sounds ex/ba vs pa
- phonology- study of how a language uses phonemes and rules by which they’re applied ex/ english can only have 3 consonants in a row
- morphology- study of smallest unit of meaning in language ex/ re means before
Pavlovian conditioning and operant learning
pavlovian conditioning: desired response or behavior is elicited by the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a biological or natural stimulus
ex/ little albert experiment displayed how conditioning could be used to form phobias; albert began to associate the rat with the startling sound; caused him to be afraid of rats alone
operant learning: consequences shape future behaviors; use of rewards and punishments
ex/ lab rat presses blue button and receives food, presses red button and receives shock
Behaviorist and ethological approaches to animal behavior
ethology is an evolutionary approach that includes naturalistic observations and field experiments. it explores the role of natural selection and adaptation.
Behaviorism studies learned behaviors in animals by manipulating variables in a controlled environment.
Ex/ethologists will study animals in their natural habitat, while behaviorists will study animals in a laboratory.
key properties of consciousness according to james
it is personal, continuous, and indivisible. it is constantly changing, is selective and functional. its key purpose is to help people adapt to their environment.
