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ENG 4 > Definitions of Terms > Flashcards

Definitions of Terms Flashcards

1
Q

this type of franchise includes not only a product, service and trademark, but also the complete method to conduct the business itself, such as the marketing plan and operations manuals

A

business format franchise

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2
Q

also known as the UFOC, the disclosure document which provides information about the franchiser and franchise system

A

disclosure statement

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3
Q

a license that describes the relationship between the franchiser and franchisee including use of trademarks, fees, support and control

A

franchise

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4
Q

the legal, written contract between the franchiser and franchisee which tells each party what each is supposed to do

A

franchise agreement

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5
Q

the person or company that gets the right from the franchiser to do business under the franchiser’s trademark and trade name

A

franchisee

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6
Q

a method of business expansion characterized by a trademark license, payment fees and significant assistance and/or control

A

franchising

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7
Q

the person or company that grants the franchisee the right to do business under their trademark or trade name

A

franchiser

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8
Q

a franchise where the franchisee simply sells the franchiser’s products without using the franchiser’s method of conducting business

A

product distribution franchise

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9
Q

the regular payment made by the franchisee to the franchiser, usually based on a percentage of the franchisee’s gross sales

A

royalty

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10
Q

the franchise is licensed by the parent company to produce and distribute its products, using supplies bought from the franchiser

A

manufacturing franchise

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11
Q

one format for disclosure document which provides information about he franchiser and franchise system to the perspective franchisee

A

UFOC (the Uniform Franchise Offering Circular)

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12
Q

this relationship allows the franchisee to open multiple locations, usually in a different territory within a pre-agreed upon timeline

A

area franchise

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13
Q

any franchisee or the franchiser attempting to sell products or services within an area of territory that has been assigned to another owner

A

encroachment

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14
Q

a franchisee who has unilaterally terminated their franchise agreement

A

breakaway franchisee

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15
Q

the process by which existing independent businesses or dealers within an industry becomes franchisees when they assume the trade name and trade dress of the franchiser

A

conversion franchising

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16
Q

the total profit that you get as a result of putting money into a bank, company, etc.

A

return

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17
Q

the amount of money that remains after a company has paid all its costs, wages, etc.

A

surplus

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18
Q

a profit as shown in a company’s accounts

A

book profit

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19
Q

an increase in the value of an investment, which is not an actual amount of money unless the investment is sold

A

paper profit

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20
Q

the financial profit that a person or company makes

A

gain

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21
Q

a profit gained from an unusual or unexpected event

A

windfall

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22
Q

all the money that you get from selling something

A

proceeds

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23
Q

in a group of companies, the total profit from all the companies in the group for a particular period of time

A

consolidated profit

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24
Q

profit relating to a company’s normal activities of providing goods and services

A

operating profit

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25
Q

the exact amount of profit that you get as a result of lending money to a company, government, etc.

A

yield

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26
Q

a company’s profit for a particular period that is owned to shareholders and is either paid as dividends or kept as reserves

A

attributable profit

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27
Q

the amount of company’s profit that is available to pay dividends to shareholders in a particular period

A

distributable profit

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28
Q

two companies selling different but related products in the same market

A

product-extension merger

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29
Q

two companies that have no common business areas

A

conglomeration

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30
Q

an additional amount of money, above a standard amount or rate

A

premium

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31
Q

two companies that sell the same products in different markets

A

market-extension merger

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32
Q

buying another company’s shares on the stock exchange, hoping to persuade enough other shareholders to sell to take control of the company

A

a raid

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33
Q

reduction in companies in a sector through merger

A

consolidation

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34
Q

a public offer to a company’s shareholders to buy their shares, at a particular price during a particular period, so as to acquire a company

A

a takeover bid

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35
Q

increase in efficiency often resulting in cost savings

A

streamlining

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36
Q

the total value of all shares on a stock market at a particular time

A

market capitalization

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37
Q

two companies that are in direct competition and share the same product lines and markets

A

horizontal merger

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38
Q

joining a customer and company or a supplier and company

A

vertical merger

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39
Q

a merger with or the acquisition of one’s supplier

A

backward integration

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40
Q

a merger with or acquisition of one’s marketing outlets

A

forward integration

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41
Q

combined production that is greater than the sum of the separate parts

A

stock swap

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42
Q

merger involving only the exchange of company shares

A

synergy

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43
Q

a bond with a high rate of interest, but with a high risk of not being repaid

A

junk bond

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44
Q

all of a company’s shares that currently exist and are held by shareholders

A

outstanding shares

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45
Q

when a company thinks of buying another it looks carefully at its accounts, as it must do by law before the deal can be agreed upon

A

due diligence

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46
Q

a bond that has the name of the holder officially recorded by the company that has issued it

A

registered bond

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47
Q

a bond issued by a non-European entity in the European market in euro-dollar denominations

A

eurodollar bond/ euro bond

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48
Q

a bond that can be repaid by a company in the form of shares in the company

A

convertible bond

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49
Q

a bond issued in pounds on the British markets by a non-British borrower

A

bulldog bond

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50
Q

a bond with a high rate of interest, but with a high risk of not being repaid

A

high yield/ ‘junk’ bond

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51
Q

a bond issued in yen on the Japanese markets by a non-Japanese borrower

A

Samurai bond

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52
Q

a bond issued by a state or local government authority, usually in the US

A

municipal bond/ muni

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53
Q

a bond bought at well below its actual value; it does not pay interest during its life, but the gain is made when it is resold

A

zero-coupon/ ‘strip’ bond

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54
Q

a bond issued by a non-US entity in the US market in US dollar denominations

A

Yankee bond

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55
Q

a bond issued by the company

A

corporate bond

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56
Q

the amount of capital making up a loan

A

principal

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57
Q

a short-term financial instrument issued by the US Treasury with a maturity of less than one year

A

Treasury bill

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58
Q

bounds issued by the British government

A

gilt-edged stock/ gilts

59
Q

non-payment of interest or a loan at the scheduled time

A

default

60
Q

the day when a bond has to be repaid

A

maturity date

61
Q

bonds of companies that were previously in a good financial situations

A

fallen angels

62
Q

long-term bonds issued by the US government

A

Treasury bonds

63
Q

the amount of interest that a bond pays

A

coupon

64
Q

medium-term (2-10 year) bonds issued by the US government

A

Treasury notes

65
Q

the rate of income an investor receives from a security

A

yield

66
Q

a tariff that varies, depending on the value of the goods

A

ad valorem tariff

67
Q

an extra tariff charged on goods going into or out of a country introduced because a country has done business in an illegal/unfair way

A

punitive/ retaliatory tariff

68
Q

tariff on goods coming into a country from abroad, often used as a way of reducing imports and protecting local industries

A

import tariff/ import duty/ import levy/ import surcharge

69
Q

a tariff with different rates that depend on the country the goods are coming from

A

discriminating/ multiple tariff

70
Q

a tariff with two parts, one that depends on the value of the goods and one that is a fixed amount

A

compound tariff

71
Q

a tariff aimed at controlling the amount of foreign goods coming into a country, protecting home producers from foreign competition

A

protective tariff

72
Q

an exchange rate that is not allowed to change in relation to others, eg. under the Bretton Woods agreement

A

fixed exchange rate

73
Q

an exchange rate when the value of a currency is allowed to change in relation to others

A

floating exchange rate

74
Q

currencies are pegged to same bond or value, either fixed or periodically adjusted; a hybrid of fixed and floating exchange rate regimes

A

pegged float

75
Q

a currency that floats in value in terms of other currencies but is not free of government intervention; also called managed float

A

dirty float

76
Q

a way of controlling the exchange rate by fixing the value of currencies in relation to another currency, such as the dollar, by changing it from time to time if necessary

A

adjustable peg

77
Q

a way of controlling the exchange rate by changing it by small amounts at regular intervals; also called sliding peg

A

crawling peg

78
Q

the tax people pay on their wages and salaries

A

income tax

79
Q

a tax on wages and salaries or on company profits

A

direct tax

80
Q

a tax levied at a higher rate on higher incomes

A

progressive tax

81
Q

a tax paid on property, sales transactions, imports, and so on

A

indirect tax

82
Q

a tax collected at each stage of production, excluding the already-taxed costs from previous stages

A

value-added tax

83
Q

profits made by selling assets

A

capital gains tax

84
Q

gifts and inheritances over a certain value

A

capital transfer tax

85
Q

a tax on certain goods produces and sold in a country, eg. cigarettes and alcohol drinks

A

excise tax/ duty

86
Q

making false declarations to the tax authorities

A

tax evasion

87
Q

a tax on goods brought into a country

A

customs duty/ tariff

88
Q

a tax where people with low incomes pay a larger percentage of what they earn than those with high incomes

A

regressive tax

89
Q

reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum

A

tax avoidance

90
Q

a country offering very low tax rates to foreign businesses

A

tax heaven

91
Q

a way to delay the payment of tax to a later time

A

tax shelter

92
Q

the amount of tax you have to pay

A

tax liability

93
Q

a list of deductions from taxable income

A

itemized deduction

94
Q

money that you make from stocks, bonds, real estate, etc.

A

capital gain

95
Q

in tax terms, the cost of maintaining the property or generating income

A

expenses

96
Q

money that government gives back to you when you pay too much in taxes, or have withheld too much from your salery

A

refund

97
Q

when someone withholds your wages to pay off your debt to a third party

A

garnishment

98
Q

an expense that you can substract from your gross income

A

deduction

99
Q

a tax that has to be paid by owners of the house, etc.

A

property tax

100
Q

a financial arrangement which can reduce your tax liability

A

tax shelter

101
Q

a category of taxpayers, defined by how much money they make

A

tax bracket

102
Q

releasing your tax information to a third party

A

disclosure

103
Q

not having to pay taxes

A

exempt

104
Q

illegal, not allowed

A

unauthorized

105
Q

a disagreement about how much tax you have to pay

A

tax dispute

106
Q

someone whose entrepreneurial efforts have resulted in them having a passive income that requires little to no effort (eg. in rental property market)

A

passivepreneur

107
Q

someone -usually a woman- who runs a business and is also a full time mother

A

mompreneur

108
Q

someone who starts a business while they are still in education - either full or part time

A

studentpreneur

109
Q

someone who only uses free or very low cost methods of setting up and running a business

A

freepreneur

110
Q

the owner of a social enterprise, a for-profit company that focuses on human well-being more than it does on making money

A

socialpreneur

111
Q

someone who provides something essential to start up business - be it funding, support, knowledge, skills, etc. - but who takes a backseat in the overall running of a business

A

wingpreneur

112
Q

a business person who operates entirely on their own, and without support from others

A

solopreneur

113
Q

someone who uses information, as opposed to goods or services, to earn their main source of income

A

infopreneur

114
Q

using and knowing a lot about modern, digital technology

A

digital savvy

115
Q

an economic and social inequality with regard to access to, use of, or impact of information and communication technologies (ICT)

A

digital divide/ digital split

116
Q

someone who has grown up using technology such as the Internet and mobile phones

A

digital native

117
Q

businesses that have failed to embrace digital or even consider it

A

digital dinosaurs

118
Q

individuals who leverage wireless digital technologies to perform their work duties, and more generally conduct their lifestyle in a nomadic manner

A

digital nomads

119
Q

transformation that is caused by emerging digital technologies and business models

A

digital disruption

120
Q

the degree to which people know a brand

A

brand awareness/ recognition/ familiarity

121
Q

the value of a brand to its owners, as sometime shown on a firm’s balance sheet

A

brand equity

122
Q

group of brands under the same umbrella of development

A

brand family

123
Q

emphasizing characteristics and benefits of a brand in relation to other brands

A

brand positioning

124
Q

the deliberate decision to choose one brand over another

A

brand preference

125
Q

a specific characteristic or message of a brand that causes change

A

brand trigger

126
Q

the brand-product that is launched along side of a brand’s bestseller that competes in the marketplace for customers based on price

A

fighter brand

127
Q

the brand-product that carries the brand’s additional offering(s)

A

flanker brand

128
Q

the original or most widely recognized brand in a family of brands

A

parent brand

129
Q

the most important brand owned by an organization

A

flagship brand

130
Q

the brand sold under its own name, rather than under the name of a particuara manufacturer

A

generic brand

131
Q

when a company uses an existing brand name for new types of product

A

brand stretching/ extension

132
Q

when consumers lose the original grasp of brand perception and no longer associate the brand with a specific product

A

brand dilution

133
Q

a set of human characteristics that are attributed to a brand name

A

brand personality

134
Q

is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support system

A

sustainable tourism

135
Q

is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strive to be low impact and (often) small scale; it helps educate the traveler; provides funds for conversation; directly benefits the economic development of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights

A

ecotourism

136
Q

has to help the very poorest in developing countries has been receiving increasing attention by those involved in development and the issue has been addressed either through small scale projects in local communities and by Ministries of Tourism attempting to attract huge numbers of tourists

A

poverty tourism

137
Q

a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis; it is defined by low-cost, high-value experiences taking place once-popular generic retreats

A

recession tourism

138
Q

refers to people travelling to a country other than their own to receive medical, dental and surgical care (some of these procedures are popularly called a ‘surgery safari’)

A

medical tourism

139
Q

is related to active participation of travelers in the culture of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences; it promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a place

A

creative tourism

140
Q

involves visits to “…” sites, such as battlegrounds, castles, scenes of horrific crimes; it remains a small niche market

A

dark tourism

141
Q

is the pursuit of unique and memorable eating and drinking experiences; it refers to trips in which local cuisine plays an important role

A

culinary tourism

142
Q

implies unforgettable and entertaining trips paid by employers, with the main purpose of encouraging employees to reach challenging business goals of the company

A

incentive travel

143
Q

cultural tourism that deals with places and events from fictional texts as well as the lives of their authors

A

literary tourism

ENG 4 (5 decks)

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