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Chemistry > Definitions for RPA > Flashcards

Definitions for RPA Flashcards

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1
Q

Addition polymer

A

A very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules

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2
Q

Addition reaction

A

A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

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3
Q

Alicyclic hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure

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4
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

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5
Q

Alkanes

A

The homologous series with the general formula: CnH2n+2

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6
Q

Alkyl group

A

An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed e.g. CH3, C2H5, any alkyl group is often shown as ‘R’

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7
Q

Amount of substance

A

The quantity whose unit is the mole. Chemists use amount of substance as a means of counting atoms

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8
Q

Anhydrous

A

A substance that contains no water molecules

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9
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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10
Q

Atom economy

A

Molecular mass of the desired product/sum of molecular masses of all products X 100%

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11
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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12
Q

Atomic orbital

A

A region within an atom that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins

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13
Q

Avagadros constant

A

The number of atoms per mole of carbon – 12 isotope (6.02×10 to the 23)

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14
Q

Biodegradable substance

A

A substance that is broken down naturally in the environment by other living organisms

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15
Q

Biodegradable polymers

A

A polymer that breaks down completely into carbon dioxide and water

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16
Q

Boltzman distribution

A

A diagram showing the distribution of energies of the molecules at a particular temperature

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17
Q

Carbanion

A

And organic ion in which a carbon atom has a negative charge

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18
Q

Carbocation

A

An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge

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19
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process

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20
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion

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21
Q

Chemical shift

A

A scale that compares the frequency of an NMR absorption with the frequency of the reference TMS at zero ppm

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22
Q

Chiral carbon

A

A carbon atom attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms

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23
Q

Chromatogram

A

A visible record showing the result of separation of the components of a mixture by chromatography

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24
Q

Cis-trans isomerism

A

A special type of E/Z isomerism in which each carbon of the C=C double bond carries the same atom or group: the cigs isomer (Z isomer) has that group on each carbon on the same side; the teams isomer (E isomer) has that group on each carbon on different sides

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25
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A reaction in which two small molecules react together to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule such as water

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26
Q

Covalent bond

A

A bond formed by shared pair of electrons

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27
Q

Cracking

A

The breaking down of long chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of short chain alkanes and Alkenes

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28
Q

Curly arrow

A

A symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair during the breaking or formation of a covalent bond

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29
Q

Dative covalent

A

A shared pair of electrons in which the bonded pair has been provided by one of the bonding atoms only; also called a coordinate bond

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30
Q

Degradable polymers

A

A polymer that breaks down into smaller fragments when exposed to light, heat or moisture

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31
Q

Dehydration

A

And elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule

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32
Q

Delocalised electrons

A

Electrons that are shared between more than two atoms

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33
Q

Dipole-dipole force

A

An attractive force between permanent dipoles in neighbouring polar molecules

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34
Q

Displacement reaction

A

A reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from an aqueous solution of its ions

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35
Q

Displayed formula

A

A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

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36
Q

Disproportionation

A

The oxidation and reduction of the same species in a redox reaction

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37
Q

Electron shielding

A

The repulsion between electrons in different inner shells. Shielding reduces the net attractive force from the positive nucleus on the outer shell electrons

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38
Q

E/Z isomerism

A

A type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C double bond

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39
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of the attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond

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40
Q

Electrophile

A

And atom (or group of atoms) which is attracted to an electron rich Centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

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41
Q

Electrophilic substitution

A

A type of substitution reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

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42
Q

Elimination reaction

A

The removal of a molecule from saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule

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43
Q

Empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

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44
Q

Enantiomers

A

Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other; also called optical isomers

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45
Q

Endothermic

A

A reaction in which the Enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants. Resulting in heat being taken in from the surroundings

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46
Q

Esterification

A

The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water

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47
Q

Exothermic

A

A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is smaller than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat loss to the surroundings.

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48
Q

Fragmentation

A

The process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a positive fragment Ion

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49
Q

Functional group

A

The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

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50
Q

General formula

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.

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51
Q

Giant covalent lattice

A

A three-dimensional structure of atoms, bonded together by strong covalent bonds

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52
Q

Giant ionic lattice

A

Three-dimensional structure of oppositely charged ions, bonded together by strong ionic bonds

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53
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

The process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases warms the lower atmosphere and the planets surface

54
Q

Heterogeneous catalysis

A

A reaction in which the catalysts have a different physical state from the reactants; frequently reactants are gases whilst the catalyst is a solid

55
Q

Heterogeneous equilibrium

A

An equilibrium in which the species making up the reactants and products are in different physical states

56
Q

High density lipoprotein

A

A type of lipoprotein that can remove cholesterol from the arteries and transport it back to the liver for excretion or re-utilisation

57
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to on atom, forming a cation and an anion

58
Q

Homogeneous catalysis

A

A reaction in which the catalyst and reactants are in the same physical state, which is most frequently the aqueous or gaseous state

59
Q

Homogeneous equilibrium

A

And equilibrium in which all the species making up the reactants and products are in the same physical state

60
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

61
Q

Homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

62
Q

Hydrated

A

A crystalline compound containing water molecules

63
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A strong dipole dipole attraction between an electron deficient hydrogen atom on one molecule and a lone pair of electrons on a highly electronegative atom on a different molecule

64
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A reaction with water or hydroxide ions and the breaks chemical compounds into two compounds

65
Q

Initial rate of reaction

A

The change in concentration of the reactants or products per unit time at the start of the reaction: T = 0

66
Q

Initiation

A

The first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation

67
Q

Intermediates

A

A species formed in one step of a multistep reaction that is used up in a subsequent step, and is not seen as either a reactant or product of the overall equation

68
Q

Intermolecular force

A

And attractive force between neighbouring molecules. Intermolecular forces can be Van der Waals forces, dipole dipole forces or hydrogen bonding

69
Q

Giant metallic lattice

A

Three-dimensional structure of positive ions and delocalised electrons, bonded together by strong metallic bonds

70
Q

Ion

A

Positive people negatively charged atom or (covalently bonded) group of atoms

71
Q

Ionic bonding

A

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

72
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and different masses

73
Q

Low-density lipoprotein

A

A type of lipoprotein responsible for carrying cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to the tissues

74
Q

Mass (nucleon) number

A

The number of particles, protons and neutrons,in the nucleus

75
Q

Mechanism

A

Sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction

76
Q

Metallic bond

A

The electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons

77
Q

Mobile phase

A

The phase that moves in chromatography

78
Q

Molar mass

A

The mass per mole of a substance. Units: gmol^-1

79
Q

Mole

A

The amount of any substance containing as many elementary particles as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon 12 isotope

80
Q

Molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

81
Q

Molecular ion, M+

A

The positive ions formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses an electron

82
Q

Molecule

A

A small group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

83
Q

Monomer

A

Small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer

84
Q

Nucleophile

A

An atom (or group of atoms) which is attracted to an electron deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

85
Q

Optical isomers

A

Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other; also called enantiomers

86
Q

Peptide

A

A compound containing amino acid’s linked by peptide bonds. Often the number of amino acid is indicated by the prefix, di, trip or tetra

87
Q

Percentage yield

A

Actual amount in mol of product/ theoretical amount in lol of product

88
Q

Permanent dipole

A

A small charge difference across a bond resulting from a different electronegativities of the bonded atoms

89
Q

Pharmacological activity

A

The beneficial or adverse affects of a drug on living matter

90
Q

Phase

A

A physically distinctive form of a substance, such as the solid, liquid and gaseous state of matter

91
Q

Pi bond

A

The reactive part of the double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of P orbitals

92
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

A bond with a permanent dipole

93
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule with an overall dipole, having taken into account any dipoles across bonds

94
Q

Polymer

A

Along molecular chain built up from monomer units

95
Q

Precipitation reaction

A

The formation of a solid from a solution during a chemical reaction. Precipitates are often formed when two aqueous solutions are mixed together

96
Q

Principal quantum number

A

A number representing the relative overall energy of each orbital, which increases with distance from the nucleus. The sense of orbitals with the same n-value are referred to as the electron shells or energy levels

97
Q

Propagation

A

The two repeat steps in radical substitution which build up the products in the chain reaction

98
Q

Radical

A

A species with an unpaid electron

99
Q

Reaction mechanism

A

A series of steps that, together, make up the overall reaction

100
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

The weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compound with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12

101
Q

Relative formula mass

A

The weighted mean mass of the formula unit of a compound compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12

102
Q

Relative isotopic mass

A

The mass of an atom of an isotope compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12

103
Q

Relative molecular mass

A

The weighted mean mass of a molecule of a compound compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12

104
Q

Repeat unit

A

The specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. Repeat units are included in brackets, outside which is the symbol n

105
Q

Retention time

A

Gas chromatography, it is the time for a component to pass from the column inlet to the detector

106
Q

RF value

A

Distance moved by component/distance moved by solvent front

107
Q

Salt

A

A chemical compound formed from an acid, when an H plus ions from the acid has been replaced by a metal ion or another positive ion, such as the ammonium ion NH4 plus

108
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only

109
Q

Shell

A

A group of atomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number also known as a main energy level

110
Q

Simple molecular lattice

A

The three-dimensional structure of molecules, bonded together by weak intermolecular forces

111
Q

Skeletal formula

A

A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains. Leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

112
Q

Spin-spin coupling

A

The interaction between Spin states of non-equivalent nuclei that results in a group of peaks in an NMR spectrum

113
Q

Stationary phase

A

The phase that does not move in chromatography

114
Q

Stem

A

The longest carbon chain present in an organic molecule

115
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Species with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space

116
Q

Stoichiometry

A

The molar relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction

117
Q

Stratosphere

A

The second layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, containing the ozone layer between about 10 km and 50 km above the earths surface

118
Q

Structural formula

A

The formula showing the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

119
Q

Structural isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with a different structural arrangement of atoms

120
Q

Sub shell

A

A group of the same type of atomic orbitals (S, P, D) within a shell

121
Q

Substitution reaction

A

A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms

122
Q

Termination

A

The step at the end of the radical substitution when two radicals combined to form a molecule

123
Q

Thermal decomposition

A

The breaking up of a chemical substance with heat into at least two chemical substances

124
Q

Troposphere

A

The lowest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, extending above the Earth’s surface up to about 7 km above the poles and to about 20 km above the tropics

125
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbons containing multiple carbon to carbon bonds

126
Q

Valence shell

A

The outermost shell of an atom, which contains the electrons most likely to react and bond to other atoms

127
Q

Van der waals’ forces

A

And attractive force between instantaneous dipole is and induced dipoles in the neighbouring molecules

128
Q

Volatility

A

The ease with which a liquid turns into a gas. Volatility increases as boiling point decreases

129
Q

Water of crystallisation

A

Water molecules that form an essential part of the crystalline structure of a compound

130
Q

Zwitterion

A

A dipolar ionic form of an amino acid that is formed by the donation of a hydrogen ion from the carboxyl group to the amino group. As both charges are present there is no overall charge

Chemistry (4 decks)

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