Definitions + Concepts

Question 1

What does the LEAF criteria stand for? (Shackel 1986/91)

Answer 1

Learnability
Effectiveness
Attitude
Flexibility

Question 2

What are the 5 factors for Nielsens (1993) framework for usability?

Answer 2

1) If its efficient to use
2) If its easy to learn
3) If its easy to remember
4) If it has few errors
5) If it is subjectively pleasing

Question 3

What did Jordan (1998) add on to Nielsens concepts?

Answer 3

6) System Potential (achieving optimal performance)

7) Reusability (Level of performance after non-use)

Question 4

What are the 5 ‘E’s’ according to Quesenbury (2004)

Answer 4

Effective
Efficient
Engaging
Error Tolerant
Easy To Learn

Question 5

What are important user issues?

Answer 5

Cognitive and Perceptual
Personality differences
Cultural + Environmental Diversity 
Disabilities 
Senior Citizens/Children

Question 6

What does the dual task interference depict? (Wickens 1984)

Answer 6

When completing two tasks simultaneously, that do not share attentional resources, dual task interferences will be minimal
When two tasks so require a common attentional resource, the performance will depend on how resources are allocated to the task (based on priority)

Question 7

What does the Hick-Hyman Law describe?

Answer 7

The time it takes for a person to make a decision as a result of the possible choice; an increase in choices will increase decision time

Question 8

What are the 4 stages of the Early Selection Model? (Broadbent)

Answer 8

Sensory store - Selective Filter - Higher Processing - Working memory

Question 9

What are the 4 stages of the Attenuator Model? (Treisman)

Answer 9

Sensory Store - Attenuator - Higher Processing - Working Memory

Question 10

What are the 4 stages of the Late Selection Model? (Deutsh + Deutsh)

Answer 10

Sensory Store - Higher Processing - Selective Filter - Working Memory

Question 11

What can attention be filtered by?

Answer 11

Meaning
Using Feedback from memory stores
Prior experiences
Expectations

Question 12

What does Kahnemans (1973) capacity model of attention depict?

Answer 12

Possible capacity = possible attention

Question 13

What is Wickens (1984) Multiple Resource Theory based on?

Answer 13

The idea that multiple attentional resources exist and can be separated by:
The stage of processing
The type of processing code
The modality of input and response

Question 14

What does Wickens (1984) 4-D Multiple Resource Model show?

Answer 14

Simultaneous competition for a general pool of resources in conjunction with competition for more specific responses
Research indicates perceptual encoding + central processing tasks use common resources while response processing uses separate resources

Question 15

What are the 3 COMT gene variations?

Answer 15

Val/Val - Less prefrontal dopamine
Val/Met - Mid ground
Met/Met - More prefrontal dopamine

Question 16

How can you improve user experience?

Answer 16

Add design features to support users to stay on track and complete the goal (e.g. push notifications)

Question 17

How can you improve usability for a person with colour blindness?

Answer 17

Avoid problematic colour combinations
Use high contrast and modulate brightness, saturation and hue
Use thicker lines
Use both colour and symbols

Question 18

How can you improve fine motor skills in usability?

Answer 18

Don't have short time out windows
Provide shortcuts
Design for keyboard or speech use only
Give content and form fields space
Make larger clickable actions

Question 19

What does cognitive bias include?

Answer 19

Confirmation Bias
Authority Bias
Availability Cascade
Framing Effect

Question 20

What are the principles of the scientific method?

Answer 20

Empirical 
Falsifiability
Replication
Objectivity 
Cause and Effect

Question 21

What are the parametric and non-parametric tests for independent groups design?

Answer 21

Parametric - Independent Samples t-test

Non-Parametric - Mann-Whitney

Question 22

What are the parametric and non-parametric tests for matched pairs design?

Answer 22

Parametric - Paired-Samples t-test

Non-Parametric - Wilcoxon

Question 23

What are the parametric and non-parametric tests for repeated measures design?

Answer 23

Parametric - Paired-Samples t-test

Non-Parametric - Wilcoxon

Question 24

What is a normality test used for?

Answer 24

To determine whether sample data has been drawn from a normally distributed population

Question 25

What is homogeneity of variance?

Answer 25

Whether or not the two group have a similar variance

Question 26

What is unsystematic error caused by?

Answer 26

Extraneous variables (mood, abilities, slight variations in testing conditions etc)

Question 27

How can you indicate unsystematic error?

Answer 27

Significance testing (finds out how likely observed differences between experimental conditions are due to experimental manipulation)

Question 28

How can you combat/reduce unsystematic error?

Answer 28

Standardisation
More powerful experimental manipulation 
Larger sample 
Using inclusion/exclusion criteria for sample population
Matched pairs design

Question 29

What is systematic error caused by?

Answer 29

Systematic bias between 2 conditions, often resulting from confounding variables (e.g. order effects)

Question 30

How can you combat/reduce systematic error?

Answer 30

Counterbalancing
Randomisation
Blind design

Question 31

What are examples of situational variables?

Answer 31

Lighting / Sound
Stimuli / Time Of Day
Position Of P’s / Temperature
Life Events / Life Influence

Question 32

What are examples of participant variables?

Answer 32

Genetics / Gender
Age Range / Profession
Nationality / Characteristics (physical + cognitive)

Question 33

What should be controlled in an experimental environment?

Answer 33

Noise
Temperature
Lighting 
Distractions 
Stimuli Presentation

Question 34

What are some experimental considerations?

Answer 34

No. of trials
Blocks and breaks
Randomisation / Standardisation
Fixation control
Inclusion/Exclusion criteria