DEFINITIONS - cer

Question 1

volatility

Answer 1

how easily a liquid turns into a gas. Increases as boiling point decreases.

Question 2

reflux

Answer 2

the continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry

Question 3

esterification

Answer 3

the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water

Question 4

dehydration

Answer 4

an elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule

Question 5

hydrolysis

Answer 5

a reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds

Question 6

nucleophile

Answer 6

an atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron -deficient centre or atom, where is donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond (AN ELECTRON PAIR DONOR)

Question 7

nucleophilic substitution

Answer 7

a type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

Question 8

percentage yield =

Answer 8

(actual amount, in mol, of product/theoretical amount, in mol, of product) x100

Question 9

limiting reagent

Answer 9

a substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first

Question 10

atom economy =

Answer 10

(Mr of desired product/sum of Mr’s of all products) x100

Question 11

what does percentage yield tell you?

Answer 11

the efficiency of converting reactants into products

Question 12

what does atom economy tell you?

Answer 12

the proportion of desired products compared with all the products formed

Question 13

radical

Answer 13

a species with an unpaired electron

Question 14

an electrophile

Answer 14

an electron pair acceptor

Question 15

heterolytic fission

Answer 15

the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation and an anion

Question 16

homolytic fission

Answer 16

the breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

Question 17

Alkane

Answer 17

Homologous series represented by the general formula CnH2n+2

Question 18

Alkyl group

Answer 18

An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed. Often shown as ‘R’

Question 19

Displayed formula

Answer 19

A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

Question 20

Empirical formula

Answer 20

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

Question 21

Functional group

Answer 21

The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

Question 22

General formula

Answer 22

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

Question 23

Homologous series

Answer 23

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 24

Hydrocarbon

Answer 24

An organic compound of hydrogen and carbon only

Question 25

Saturated

Answer 25

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only

Question 26

Skeletal formula

Answer 26

A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

Question 27

Structural formula

Answer 27

A formula showing minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 28

Structural isomers

Answer 28

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with a different structural arrangement of atoms

Question 29

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 29

A hydrocarbon containing carbon to carbon multiple bonds eg C=C

Question 30

Alkene

Answer 30

Homologous series with the general formula CnH2n

Question 31

Addition polymerisation

Answer 31

The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time to form a very long saturated molecular chain (polymer)

Question 32

Addition reaction

Answer 32

A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

Question 33

Atoms economy

Answer 33

Molecular mass of desired product / sum of molecular masses of all products x100

Question 34

Cis-trans isomerism

Answer 34

A special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen and hydrogen on each C of the C=C double bond: the cis isomer (Z isomer) has the H atom on each carbon on the same side; the trans isomer (E isomer) has the H atoms on each carbon on different sides

Question 35

Monomer

Answer 35

A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer

Question 36

Pi-bond

Answer 36

The reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by the sideways overlap of p-orbitals

Question 37

Polymer

Answer 37

Long molecular chain built up from monomer units

Question 38

Repeat unit

Answer 38

A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. Included in brackets, outside of which is the symbol n

Question 39

Stereoisomers

Answer 39

Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space

Question 40

functional group of carboxylic acids

Answer 40

C=O and C-OH (both =O and -OH attached to the same C) | -COOH

Question 41

functional group of ketones

Answer 41

C=O | -C-CO-C

Question 42

functional group of an aldehyde

Answer 42

C=O and C-H | -CHO