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Chemistry AS > DEFINITIONS - cer > Flashcards

DEFINITIONS - cer Flashcards

1
Q

volatility

A

how easily a liquid turns into a gas. Increases as boiling point decreases.

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2
Q

reflux

A

the continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry

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3
Q

esterification

A

the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water

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4
Q

dehydration

A

an elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule

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5
Q

hydrolysis

A

a reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds

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6
Q

nucleophile

A

an atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron -deficient centre or atom, where is donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond (AN ELECTRON PAIR DONOR)

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7
Q

nucleophilic substitution

A

a type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

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8
Q

percentage yield =

A

(actual amount, in mol, of product/theoretical amount, in mol, of product) x100

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9
Q

limiting reagent

A

a substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first

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10
Q

atom economy =

A

(Mr of desired product/sum of Mr’s of all products) x100

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11
Q

what does percentage yield tell you?

A

the efficiency of converting reactants into products

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12
Q

what does atom economy tell you?

A

the proportion of desired products compared with all the products formed

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13
Q

radical

A

a species with an unpaired electron

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14
Q

an electrophile

A

an electron pair acceptor

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15
Q

heterolytic fission

A

the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation and an anion

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16
Q

homolytic fission

A

the breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

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17
Q

Alkane

A

Homologous series represented by the general formula CnH2n+2

18
Q

Alkyl group

A

An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed. Often shown as ‘R’

19
Q

Displayed formula

A

A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

20
Q

Empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

21
Q

Functional group

A

The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

22
Q

General formula

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

23
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

24
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

An organic compound of hydrogen and carbon only

25
Q

Saturated

A

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only

26
Q

Skeletal formula

A

A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

27
Q

Structural formula

A

A formula showing minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

28
Q

Structural isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with a different structural arrangement of atoms

29
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon containing carbon to carbon multiple bonds eg C=C

30
Q

Alkene

A

Homologous series with the general formula CnH2n

31
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time to form a very long saturated molecular chain (polymer)

32
Q

Addition reaction

A

A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

33
Q

Atoms economy

A

Molecular mass of desired product / sum of molecular masses of all products x100

34
Q

Cis-trans isomerism

A

A special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen and hydrogen on each C of the C=C double bond: the cis isomer (Z isomer) has the H atom on each carbon on the same side; the trans isomer (E isomer) has the H atoms on each carbon on different sides

35
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer

36
Q

Pi-bond

A

The reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by the sideways overlap of p-orbitals

37
Q

Polymer

A

Long molecular chain built up from monomer units

38
Q

Repeat unit

A

A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. Included in brackets, outside of which is the symbol n

39
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space

40
Q

functional group of carboxylic acids

A

C=O and C-OH (both =O and -OH attached to the same C)

-COOH

41
Q

functional group of ketones

A

C=O

-C-CO-C

42
Q

functional group of an aldehyde

A

C=O and C-H

-CHO

Chemistry AS (6 decks)

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