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AS level chemistry > Definitions AS2 > Flashcards

Definitions AS2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Empirical Formula

A

A formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

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2
Q

Molecular formula.

A

A formula which shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

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3
Q

Molar gas volume.

A

The volume of one mole of gas under specified conditions of temperature and pressure e.g. 24dm3 at 20°C and one atmosphere pressure.

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4
Q

Percentage yield

A

Shows how much product was actually made compared with the amount of product that was expected.

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5
Q

Theoretical yield.

A

The maximum mass of product expected from the reaction, using reacting masses.

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6
Q

Actual yield.

A

The mass of the product that is actually obtained from the real chemical reaction.

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7
Q

Homologous Series

A

Compounds with the same general formula
Similar chemical properties
Shows a gradation in physical properties
Successive members differ by CH2 unit

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8
Q

Functional group

A

Reactive group within a compound

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9
Q

Structural Isomers

A

Molecules which have the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

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10
Q

Geometric isomers/stereoisomers

A

Molecules with the same structural formula, but different arrangement of atoms due to the presence of one or more carbon double bonds.

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11
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon

A

Contains no double carbon bonds.

Contains hydrogen and carbon only.

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12
Q

Substitution

A

Replacing one atom or group with a different atom or group

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13
Q

Homolytic fission

A

Bond breaking in which one of the shared electrons goes to each atom.

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14
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

Bond breaking in which both electrons in a shared pair go to a single atom.

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15
Q

Radical

A

A particle with an unshared electron.

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16
Q

Sigma bond

A

A covalent bond formed by the linear overlap of atomic orbitals

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17
Q

Pi bond

A

A covalent bond formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals

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18
Q

Bond length

A

The distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms.

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19
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Addition of a hydrogen molecule across a carbon double bond

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20
Q

Electrophile

A

An ion or molecule that attacks regions of high electron density.

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21
Q

Primary carbocation

A

A carbocation which has a carbon atom directly bonded to the positively charged carbon.

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22
Q

Secondary carbocation

A

A carbocation which has two carbon atoms directly bonded to the positively charged carbon.

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23
Q

Tertiary carbocation

A

A carbocation which has three carbon atoms directly bonded to the positively charged carbon.

24
Q

Polymerisation

A

Joining together of many small molecules to form a large molecule.

25
Q

Monomers

A

Many small molecules that join together to form a polymer.

26
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule when many small monomers join together.

27
Q

Primary/secondary/tertiary halogenoalkane

A

A halogenoalkane which has one/two/three carbon atom directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen.

28
Q

Reflux

A

Repeated boiling and condensing of a mixture.

29
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking up molecules with reaction of water.

30
Q

Nucleophile

A

An ion or molecule, with a lone pair of electrons, that attacks regions of low electron density.

31
Q

Elimination.

A

A reaction in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule.

32
Q

Miscibility

A

Liquids that mix in all proportions i.e. form a single layer.

33
Q

Primary/secondary/tertiary alcohol

A

An alcohol which has one/two/three carbon atom(s) directly bonded to the carbon atom that is bonded to the OH group.

34
Q

Ground state

A

A molecular vibration which is in the lowest possible energy state.

35
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

Joining together of many small monomer molecules to form a large molecule with no loss of any part of molecule.

36
Q

Wavenumber

A

The reciprocal of the wavelength and it is measured in cm-1.

37
Q

Endothermic.

A

A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than that of the reactants.

38
Q

Exothermic

A

A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is less that the enthalpy of reactants.

39
Q

Standard conditions.

A

298K and 100kPa

40
Q

Standard enthalpy change.

A

Change in heat energy at constant pressure, measured at standard conditions.

41
Q

Standard enthalpy of combustion.

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions.

42
Q

Standard enthalpy of formation.

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions.

43
Q

Standard enthalpy of neutralisation.

A

Enthalpy change when one mole of water is produced in a neutralisation reaction under standard conditions.

44
Q

Conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can change from one form to another.

45
Q

Hess’s law

A

The enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken, provided the initial and final conditions are the same.

46
Q

Average bond enthalpy.

A

The energy required to break one mole of a given bond averaged over many compounds.

47
Q

Reaction rate.

A

The change of the concentration of a reactant or product with respect to time.

48
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance with increases the rate of a chemical reaction but doesn’t get used up.

49
Q

Activation energy.

A

The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur.

50
Q

Reversible.

A

A reaction which goes in both the forward and backward directions.

51
Q

Dynamic

A

Rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction.

52
Q

Equilibrium

A

A reversible reaction in which the amount of each reactant/product remains constant.

53
Q

Homogenous

A

A reaction in which all the reactants and products are in the same physical state.

54
Q

Heterogenous

A

A reaction in which all the reactants and products are not in the same state.

55
Q

Heterogenous (catalyst)

A

The catalyst is in a different phase from the reactants.

56
Q

S-block element.

A

An element which has an atom with highest energy/outer electron in an s-subshell (orbital)

57
Q

Solubility

A

The maximum mass of solute that will dissolve in 100g of solvent at a stated temperature.

AS level chemistry (7 decks)

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