Definitions And What Is A Disease Flashcards
Pathology
The study of changes in bodily structure and function that occur as a result of disease
Etiology
Cause of injury (disease)
Pathogenesis
Natural history and development of the disease
Pathophysiology
The manner in which the incorrect function is expressed
Lesion
The structural abnormality produced by the injury
Idiopathic
The cause of the disease is unknown
Latrogenic
The disease is a byproduct of medical diagnosis or treatment
Clinical Pathology
Study of the functional aspects of disease by lab study of tissue, blood, urine, and other body fluids
Ischemia
The decrease of blood supply to a tissue which can be local and caused by a thrombus or embolus or global due to a low perfusion pressure
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen to a tissue from any cause
Hypoxemia
Low arterial oxygen supply
Disease
Unhealthy state caused by the effects of the injury
Acute Disease
Arises rapidly, and accompanies by distinctive symptoms and lasts a short time
Chronic Disease
Usually begins slowly with signs and symptoms that are difficult to interpret, persists for a long time and generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication
Symptoms
Complaints reported by the patient or by someone else on behalf of the patient and are part of the medical history
Signs
Direct observations by an examiner
Syndrome
Collection of clinical signs, symptoms, and data. May be caused by different diseases such as CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)
Sickness Vs Health
Sickness –> disease
Health –> wellness
These refer to the actual presence or absence of disease and do not refer to symptoms, signs, labs, x-rays, or scientific studies
What are normal and abnormal terms applied to?
Observations such as blood tests, physical findings, history, radiographs
Also describe the results of measurement/observations used to determine if the disease is present or not
True or False:
Many times there is not a range with an upper and lower limit when describing abnormal and normal observations
FALSE
There is a range describing upper and lower limits
True or False:
Medical tests are not perfect predictors of disease
True
Tests are __(1)__ if abnormal
Tests are __(2)__ is normal
- Positive
2. Negative
True Positive
A test of someone who has the disease
False Positive
A test that shows that shows positive but the patient does no actually have the disease. The person is healthy.
True Negative
Refers to a test of someone who does not have the disease and tests negative
False Negative
Refers to a test of someone who has the disease but tests negative. This person is sick.
Diagnosis of Disease
Interpretation of medical tests and other data that are strongly influenced by clinical history and findings.
Never treat the test but treat the patient
Apoptosis
Planned cell death, a programmed commitment to die
Necrosis
Cell death caused by disease.
6 types
True or False:
All diseases occur because of injury
True
What is the difference between mild and severe injury in regards to the cell
Severe injury causes cell death
Mild injury or stress cause the cell to alter and adapt but it does not die.
True or False:
Genes do not influence how we react to injury
False
Genes influence how we react to injury
Disease may result from what two mechanisms?
The injury itself or from the repair process that follows
How are cells injured
Inadequate oxygenation Direct physical action - mechanical force Ionizing radiation Toxic molecular injury Microbes Inflammatory and immune reactions Nutritional imbalance Genetic defects Aging
Mild cell injury results in what?
Hydronic change (vacuolar degeneration) Intracellular accumulations Atrophy Hypertrophic Hyperplasia Dysphasia Metaplasia
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size and function
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size and function
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
Dysphasia
Premalignant
Metaplasia
Reversible change of one cell type into another
Vacuolar Degeneration
Formation of nonslip is vacuoles in the cytoplasm due to accumulation of water from cloudy swelling. Swelling of cells
Coagulation Necrosis
Most common type, gel-like change in blocks of freshly dead cells which are mostly caused by ishemia
Gangrenous Necrosis
See when the entire limb loses blood supple. The skin black, wet when bacterial infection is superimposed and dry when only blood loss is the cause
Liquefactive necrosis
the dead tissue dissolves into fluid and pus appears caused by bacterial or fungal infections
Fat Necrosis
Seen in acute pancreatitis, see outlines of dead fat cells
Caseous Necrosis
Caused by TB infection, the tissue is off white, soft, pasty, and clumpy
Fibrinoid Necrosis
Seen in immune reactions in vessels. Fibrin like substance deposited in vessels
