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Pathophysiology > Cell Injury And Inflammtion > Flashcards

Cell Injury And Inflammtion Flashcards

1
Q

Why should DPTs study inflammation?

A

Understand the physiology and inflammation/healing so that it can be modified to provide optimum care

Diagnosing the phases of healing will help to drive practice and rehab measures

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2
Q

What is healing enhanced by?

A

1) Appropriate application of physical Agents
2) Therapeutic Exercises
3) Manual technique

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3
Q

What is cell injury?

A

Altering the information content of the cell

Changes in cell function

Affecting the ability of the cell to maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

How is cell injury/inflammation relevant to PT?

A

The bodies response to cell injury is inflammation

The amount and severity of inflammation is proportional to the amount of cell damage

Inflammation is proportional to the amount of cell damage ( limit disability)

Avoid re-injur/facilitate return to activity

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5
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Decrease of blood supple to a tissue

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6
Q

During ischemia the blood flow is below the minimum requirement for what?

A

Cell homeostasis and metabolic function

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7
Q

Local ischemia is caused because of what?

A

Thrombus or embolus

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8
Q

Global ischemia is caused due to what?

A

Low perfusion pressure

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9
Q

What is ischemia due to?

A

Reduction in flow or an increase in metabolism of the tissue exceeds the capability of AVS

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10
Q

What are the mechanisms of cell injury?

A 
Ischemia
Infections agents
Immune reactions
Genetic factors
Nutritional factors
Physical factors
Chemical factors
Psychological factors
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11
Q

What are the effects of ischemia?

A

Loss of oxygen-decrease in waste removal which will cause a decreased function

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12
Q

Hypoxia

A

Partial Ichemia

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13
Q

Anoxia

A

Total Ischemia

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14
Q

What are examples of infections agents?

A

Bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, fungi, rickettsiae, Protozoa, prions, helminths

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15
Q

How does bacterial infections cause cell injury?

A

Tissue invasion which releases exotoxins and endotoxins that cause cell lysis, degeneration of extra cellular matrix and aid in spread of infection

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16
Q

The inflammatory/immunologic reactions are induced by which bacterial host?

A

Gangrene
Tetanus
Botulism

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17
Q

How do Viruses kill?

A

DIrect cytopathic effect or indirect cytopathic effect

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18
Q

Direct Cytopathic effects are caused by what?

A

RNA viruses ( kill from within)

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19
Q

How to RNA viruses kill?

A

They disturb the cell processes and disrupt the integrity of the nucleus or cell membrane

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20
Q

Indirect cytopathic effect is caused by what?

A

DNA viruses ( integrate into cell)

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21
Q

How does DNA viruses infect their virus?

A

Encode production of foreign proteins exposed on cell surface and identified by bodies in the immune system

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22
Q

What is Sepsis?

A

Micro organisms are present in the blood stream

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23
Q

How does sepsis occur?

A

Endothelial cell damage
Decreased plasma volume
Maldistribution of blood flow

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24
Q

How does the immune system cause cell death or injury?

A

Antibody attachment and complement activation

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25
Q

What is complement activation?

A

Activation of inflammatory cells

26
Q

What are examples of inflammatory cells?

A 
Neutrophils
Macrophages
T and B lymphocytes
Mast cells
Basophils
27
Q

What can immune reactions cause?

A

Over-reactions
Mild Allergies
Autoimmune disorders

28
Q

What is an operation immune reaction?

A

Anaphylactic Shock

29
Q

What is a mild immune reaction?

A

Runny nose

30
Q

What is an example of an autoimmune disease ( immune reaction)

A

RA

Lupus

31
Q

What are the three pathways of cell injury or death?

A

Alteration
Single Mutations
Multiple gene mutations

32
Q

What is an alteration of genetic factors?

A

Abnormal number of structure of chromones including multiple abnormalities

33
Q

What is an example of a an alteration of cells?

A

Downs Sydrome

34
Q

What is a single mutation?

A

Causes changes in the amount or function of proteins

35
Q

What is an example of a single mutation?

A

Sickle Cell anemia

36
Q

What is multiple gene mutations?

A

Interacting with environmental factors to cause multifactorial disorders

37
Q

What is an example of multiple gene mutations?

A

Hypertension, type 2 diabetes

38
Q

How is nutritional factors a mechanism of cell injury?

A

Imbalance of these factors can cause problems within the cells

39
Q

What will a deficiency of iron cause?

A

Anemia-hair loss

40
Q

What will too much iron cause?

A

increase of free radical formation

41
Q

What will a deficiency of vitamin D cause?

A

Connective tissue symptoms

42
Q

What is zinc very important for?

A

Protein-synthesis-healing and promoting activity of enzymes to degrade collagen

43
Q

What will a deficiency of zinc cause?

A

Delay tissue healing

44
Q

How can a zinc imbalance be detected?

A

Liver blood test (the alkaline phosphates value)

45
Q

What are the two means of injury for chemical factors?

A

Directly and metabolic transformation into the toxic agent

46
Q

What is a direct injury of chemical factors?

A

These will injure the cells directly such as heavy metals, mercury, and lead

47
Q

What is a metabolic transformation into a toxic agent (chemical factors)

A

Drug overdose and acetaminophen

48
Q

What is free radical formation?

A

Integral part of metabolism, formed continuously in the body, and factor of oxidative stress

49
Q

What is oxidative stress?

A

Oxygen toxicity ( oxygen radicals are too toxic to the cells)

50
Q

What is oxidative stress caused by?

A

Prolonged exercise, heat stress, pollutants, tobacco, pesticides, drug overdose

51
Q

What can oxidative stress lead to? (Degenerative disease)

A

Heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cataracts, PD, premature aging, and cancer

52
Q

Oxidative stress exerts positive effects on what? And negative effects on what?

A

Positive: immune system
NEgative: lipid, protein, or DNA oxidation

53
Q

What is the most common form of free radical in the human body?

A

Oxygen

54
Q

What is the role of antioxidants?

A

Neutralize the free radicals

55
Q

What are examples of antioxidants?

A

Vitamin C
Vitamin E
beta-carotene
Lycopene

56
Q

How does oxidative stress result?

A

Decrease in NO (nitric oxide)

57
Q

A decrease in NO is a common molecular disorder which causes what pathological effects?

A

LTM (long term memory)
GI function
Collagen synthesis

58
Q

Why is NO important ?

A

Modulator of many physiologic components, anti-lipid that provides Telford like coating to blood vessels.

59
Q

What are psychosocial factors?

A

Fear, tension, anxiety, unhappy workplace

60
Q

How does fear, tension and anxiety affect the cells?

A

Influences thresholds for tissue adaption and injury

61
Q

How might an unhappy workplace affect cells?

A

Higher risk of injury

62
Q

True or False: Outlook on life affects healing

A

True

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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