Definitions and explanations Flashcards
Define cleaning;
It is the process of removing all forms of foreign material by employing the mechanical action of washing or scrubbing
Define decontamination;
The process by which a person or a surface is made free from all the agents that contaminate the surface and lead to the surface and lead to the spread of infection
Define disinfection;
Antimicrobial process to remove, destroy or deactivate microorganisms on surfaces or in liquids
Define pathogen;
A pathogen is a tiny living organism such as a bacterium or virus that can produce disease in an individual
Define microorganism;
Microscopic organisms which may exist in its single celled form or in a colony of cells
Define aseptic processing;
It is defined as the processing and packaging of sterile product into sterilised containers followed by proper sealing with sterilised closure in a manner to control microbiological recontamination
Define antiseptic;
These are the substances applied on the living tissues to reduce the possibility of infection and growth of microorganisms
Define asepsis;
It is a process in which microbial agents on a living surface are either killed or their growth is arrested
Define AHTR
Acute haemolytic transfusion reaction
What is a LIM?
Line isolation monitor
Detects leakage of current within equipment however, instead of cutting off the power supplied
What is Einthoven’s triangle?
Used to determine the electrical axis of the heart in the frontal plane
What does MALES BIT MOA represent?
M- mask, Magill’s
A – airway oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, Ambu bag, agent
L – laryngoscope, LMA
E – ET tube, emergency drugs
S – Suction under the pillow, syringe, stylet, stethoscope
B – Bag of fluid, bougie
I – IV cannulation
T – tapes, ties
M – Monitoring
O – oxygen cylinder
A – Accessory equipment – air warmers, infusion pumps, fluid warmer
What does the acronym HAEMP represent regarding bariatric airway set up?
H-hand hygiene
A – anaesthetic type
E - Environment positioning devices e.g. supports
M – level 2 or 3 machine check
P – sniffing the morning air position
What does NIM stand for?
Neural integrity monitor
Define RCD;
Residual control device
Define CPP;
Cerebral perfusion pressure
Define CBF;
Cerebral blood flow
State the relationship between CSF, CBF and ICP;
CSF, CBF, ICP are constant so an increase in one should cause a reciprocal decrease in one both remaining two
Vice versa
What are the 3 assessments for the Glasgow coma scale?
**Eye opening **
Spontaneous – 4
To sound – 3
To pressure – 2
None - 1
**Verbal response **
Orientated – 5
Confused – 4
Words – 3
Sounds – 2
None - 1
**Motor response **
Obey commands -6
Localising - 5
Normal flexion - 4
Abnormal flexion - 3
Extension - 2
None - 1
What are the 3 consciousness ratings of the Glasgow coma scale?
Severe - 3-8
Moderate - 9 - 12
Mild - 13-15
Define ACVPU;
Alert
Confusion [new onset or worsening] confusion
Voice
Pain
Unresponsive
Define GCS;
Glasgow coma scale
Explain the rule of nines and how it is used to estimate the extent of a burn’s injury;
Dividing the bodies surface area into percentages to calculate the extent of the burns injury
Front + back of head and neck = 9%
Front + back of each arm = 9%
Chest = 9%
Stomach = 9%
Upper back = 9%
Lowerback = 9%
Front and back of each leg and foot 9% each side
Genital area = 1%
Discuss fourth degree burn;
Go through both layers of skin and underlying tissue as well as deeper tissue, possibly involving muscle and bone
Discuss third degree burn;
Destroys the epidermis and dermis
This may go into the subcutaneous tissue
Discuss second degree burn;
Involves the epidermis and part of the lower layer of skin - dermis
Discuss first degree burn;
Effect the outer layer of skin – superficial
Define vasovagal;
Over activity of the vagus nerve resulting to a temporary fall in blood pressure, heart rate, fainting
Define anastomosis;
Surgical connection between two structures usually between tubular structures
Define diagnosis of compartment syndrome;
Increased pressure in a confined space that causes significant pain and can decrease blood flow
Define reaming;
Technique used with rotational cutting tools known as reamers. Used to remove cartilage from the acetabulum
What is a LSCS?
Lower segment caesarean section
Give 5 reasons why a women would require an emergency LSCS
Prolonged labour
Foetal distress
Cord prolapses
Exhaustion
Placenta problem
Give three medical reasons why a women might be offered a LSCS;
Birth Defects
Abnormal positioning
Chronic health conditioning
Define epistaxis;
nosebleed
Define the coroner’s clot
Occult hidden clot of blood remaining in the nasopharynx behind the soft palate following surgery or trauma which can cause a fatal airway obstruction following extubation
Define pharmacokinetics;
The study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure
Define pharmacodynamics;
The study of the molecular, biochemical and physiologic effects and actions on the body
Expand the acronym LASER
Light
Amplification
Stimulated
Emission
Radiation
Define scatter regarding radiation;
Radiation that spreads out in different directions from a radiation beam when it encounters an object or tissue
State CVC insertion sites
Internal jugular
Subclavian vein
Femoral vein
Define bioavailability;
The rate and extent to which the rate a drug is absorbed and reaches circulation
IV administration has a bioavilability of 100%
Define toxicity;
Chemicals or drug concentrations are at such high levels in the body that they can damage organs and tissues
Define antagonist;
A chemical substance that binds to and blocks the activation of receptors on cells preventing a biological response
Define agonist;
Is a chemical that binds to a receptor on a cell to cause activation thus causing a response
Define a half-life regarding medications;
It is the time taken for half of the drug to be broken down by biological processing
List fractionated blood products available;
Plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Platelets
Immunoglobins
Albumin
Irradiated and leuko depleted red blood cells
What is ROSC?
Return of spontaneous circulation
Generally detected by arterial pulse palpation and end tidal CO2 monitoring
Define macroshock
Larger electrical current passes through the body
Define microshock
A small electric current passing directly through the heart and directly sending the patient into ventricular fibrillation
What is the relationship between standard preacautions and infection control?
Universal precautions are in place to prevent infections and contamination
Following standard precautions, we can minimise infection spreading which allows for better infection control
OSA
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
NOF
Neck of Femur
MUA
Manipulation under Anaesthesia
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
VT
Ventricular Tachycardia
TIVA
Total Intravenous Anaesthesia
RAE
Ring, Adair, Elwyn
PCA
Patient controlled Analgesia
MRSA
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
FiO2
Fraction Inspired Oxygen
ACF
Activated Charcoal filters
or
anterior cubital fossa
AAA
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
GIK
Glucose, Insulin, Potassium
DAS
Difficult airway Society
ASA
American Society of Anaesthesiologist
IVC
Inferior Vena Cava
ITM
Intrathecal Morphine
CLAB
Central line Associated Bacteraemia
CSE
Combined Spinal Epidural
EUA
Examination under Anaesthesia
LMWH
Low Molecular Weight Heparin
TEG
Thromboaelastogram
SAH
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
RIC
Rapid Infusion Catheter
MI
Myocardial Infarction
VSD
Ventricular Septal Defect
THJR
Total Hip Joint Replacement
PEEP
Positive End Expiratory Pressure
LIM
Line Isolation Monitor
IPPV
Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation
ESBL
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase
HME
Heat, Moisture Exchange
HELLP
Haemolysis Elevated Liver Enzyme and Low Platelets
What is Acute Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction
AHTR
A life-threatening reaction to receiving a blood transfusion that results from the rapid destruction of donor red blood cells by host antibodies (Can be delayed)
What does TRALI stand for and what is it?
Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury
Repaid onset of excess fluid in the lungs.
Symptoms = acute respiratory distress, fever, bilateral infiltrates on chest
What does TACO stand for and what is it?
Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload
Pulmonary oedema primarily caused by volume excess
Symptoms = acute respiratory distress, cough, pink sputum, decreased SpO2, nausea, pulmonary oedema, raised CVP.
What is CO2 measured in?
kPa and mmHg
What is side stream CO2?
Connected to adapter at patient end
Small increase of dead space
Time delay
Moisture trap
What is Mainstream CO2?
Sample chamber positioned within patient’s gas stream
Increased dead space
Heated to prevent condensation
No time delay
What does APL stand for?
Adjustable Pressure limiting valve
What does MAC stand for?
Minimum alveolar concentration
What does VIE stand for?
Vacuum Insulated Evaporator
What does DRSABCD stand for?
Check for DANGER
Check for a RESPONSE
SEND for help
Check the AIRWAY
Check for BREATHING
Start CPR
DEFIBRILLATION
What are the 4 T’s related to an emergency?
Tension pneumothorax,
Tamponade,
Thrombosis,
Toxins
What are the 4 H’s related to an emergency?
Hypovolemia,
Hypoglycaemia/Hyperkalaemia,
Hypo/Hyperthermia,
Hypoxia
Line insulation Monitor
An electrical device that monitors a decrease in electrical resistance and alerts to any change
Residual Current Device
An electrical device that monitors current leakage and shuts off if excess, unexpected current is detected
What does UPS stand for?
Uninterruptible power supply
What does BCIS stand for?
Bone cement implantation syndrome
What are the patient signs of BCIS?
Hypoxia
Hypotension
Or unexpected loss of consciousness occurring around the time of cementation, prosthesis insertion
What are the 7 layers of tissue to cut through for a c-section?
Skin
Subcutaneous fat
Fascia
Muscle
Peritoneum
Uterus
Amniotic sac
What is PEA?
Pulseless electrical activity
What is SVT?
Supraventricular tachycardia
What is atelectasis?
The collapse of part or all a lung
Caused by a blockage of the air passages [bronchus or bronchioles]
What are the shockable rhythms?
VF / VT
What are some non-shockable rhythms?
Asystole/PEA
sinus, SVT, PSVT, Afib
What are the Defibrillator Instructions?
Attach defibrillator pads to patient in the appropriate way
Select energy 200J and press charge
Once charged stop CPR and assess rhythm
If shock advised ensure all staff stand clear of bed
Press shock and immediately restart CPR
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Rhino
Nose
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Lamino
Laminar
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Encephal
Brain
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Colono
large intestine / colon
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Arthr
Joint
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Angio
blood vessel
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Myo
Muscle tissue
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Colpo
Vagina
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Hyster
Uterus
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Cysto
Bladder
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Pneumo
Lungs
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Thoracic
Chest
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Orchid
Testicles
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Gastro
Stomach
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Salpingo
Fallopian tubes
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Oculo
Eye
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Oophro
Ovary
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Laryngo
Layrnx
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Derma
Skin
List this type of surgical anatomy location;
Nephro
Kidney
