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Chemistry 2 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Define empirical formula

A

Simplest whole no ratio of atoms of elements in a compound

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2
Q

What is the molecular formula

A

The actual number of atom of each element in a compound

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3
Q

Define homologous series

A

Same functional group and general formula

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4
Q

Define aromatic compounds

A

Contain benzene ring

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5
Q

Define aliphatic compounds

A

Straight chains

No benzene ring

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6
Q

What is alicyclic

A

Non aromatic rings

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7
Q

Define isomer

A

Same molecular formula

Atoms arranged differently

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8
Q

What are chain isomers

A

Carbon skeleton arranged differently

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9
Q

What are positional isomers

A

Functional group is attached to a different carbon atom

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10
Q

What is a functional group isomer

A

Atoms arrange into different functional groups

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11
Q

What is heterolytic fission

A

Bond splits unevenly
1 atom receives both electrons
Forming a positive ion (cation) and a negative ion (anion)

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12
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

Bond splits evenly
Both atoms receive 1 electron
Forms 2 free radicals

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13
Q

What is a free radical

A

Particles with an unpaired electron

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14
Q

What is sigma bond

A

2 s orbitals overlap in a straight line
Giving high electron density between the 2 bonded nuclei
So there is a string electrostatic attraction between the nuclei and shared electrons
High bond enthalpy
Strong bond
Single bond

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15
Q

What is a pi bond

A

Double covalent bond
2 p orbitals overlap sideways -one below and one above the nuclei
Weak = electron density spread out across bond = low bond enthalpy

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16
Q

What is An électrophile

A

Electron pair acceptor

17
Q

What is a nucleophile

A

Electron pair donor

18
Q

What is stereoisomers

A

The same structural formula

Different arrangement in space

19
Q

What is a carbocations.

A

Organic ion containing a positive C

20
Q

What is markownikoffs rule

A

The major product on the addition of a hydrogen halide to an unsymmetrical molecule is where the H is added to the C with the most H already

21
Q

What is the Kekule model

A

Alternating single and double bonds on a 6C ring. With the molecule constantly flipping between isomers

22
Q

What is the benzene ring

A

P orbitals of all 6 carbon atoms overlap to create a pi system
Makes 2 clouds of delocalised electrons - 1 above and 1 below the planar c ring
All bonds are the same lengths (between single and double)

23
Q

What is a halogen carrier

A

Accepts a lone pair of electrons from a halogen atom on an electrophile
Polarising the electrophile
Making the electrophile stronger

24
Q

What is phenol

A

One of the lone pairs in the oxygen atom overlaps with delocalised electron ring in the benzene ring
The oxygen lone pair become partially delocalised into the pi system
Increasing the molecule electron density

25
Q

What are electron donating groups

A

Have electrons in orbitals that overlap with the delocalised electron benzene ring
Increasing electron density specifically at 2!4!6

Eg. OH, NH2, EDG

26
Q

What are electron withdrawing groups

A

No lone pairs overlap with the delocalised electron ring on Benzene
And the atoms are electronegative so pull electrons out of the ring
Reduce electron density specifically at 2,4,6

Eg. NO2

27
Q

What is ester acid hydrolysis

A

Splits the ester into a carboxylic acid and alcohol
Reflux
Dilute acid
Reversible reaction

28
Q

What is ester base hydrolysis

A

Splits ester info a carboxylate salt (-COONa) and alcohol
Reflux
Dilute alkali (naoh)

29
Q

What is an amine

A

1 or more h in NH3 is replaced by an organic group

30
Q

What is an alpha amino acid

A

Both groups are attached to the same carbon atom

31
Q

What is a chiral centre

A

A carbon atom with 4 different groups attached to it

32
Q

What is an optical isomer

A

Mirror images no matter which way they are turned

Can’t be superimposed

33
Q

What does optically active mean

A

They rotate plane polarised light.

One optical isomer rotates it clockwise and the other anti-clockwise

34
Q

What are polymers

A

Long chains of molecules made by monomers

35
Q

What is addition polymeratisation

A

Double bonds open

Molecules join

36
Q

What is condensation polymerisation

A

Made of 2 types of monomers
The functional group of 1 monomer reacts with the other monomer fg
Each time a small molecule is lost (water)

Chemistry 2 (10 decks)

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