definitions Flashcards
Asthma
Obstructive breathing condition because air is blocked on expiration when breathing out C02. Characterised by recurrent attacks of wheezing and breathlessness caused by narrowing of the airway due to inflammation
Trigger factor Antigen antibody reaction Mediators cause.. MCE Accessory muscles
Then either acute or chronic.
Emphysema
Chronic obstructive disease where there is permanent dilation of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of the walls of these airways . Deficiency in alpha1 anti-tripsin which inhibits elastase which breaks down elastin. Air trapped within alveoli difficulty on expiration due to decresed elastic recoil of airways
Irritant/ trigger factor Elastase breaks down elastin Clustering pulomary alveolar macrophages arounf terminal bronchioles Alveoli Macrophages Terminal Bronchioles Increased intra alveoli pressure
Chronic bronchitis
A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease where there is a recurrent daily cough with sputum for at least x3 moths of the year for at least x2 consecutive years and airway obstruction that does not change significantly over 7 months. Long term inflammation of airways.
Trigger factor
Hypersecretions of mucus
Mucus coats walls narrowing lumen= inflammation
hypertroghy of mucus glands and goblet cells
dismensions of distal airways and narrowing of lumen
Lungs gradually loose their elasticity as disease progresses
Bronchiectasis
Chronic dilation of 1 or more bronchi due to bronchiole wall damage resulting from infection/inflammation. obstructive breathing disease
Trigger/causative disorder impaired MCE Increase infection inflammatory response increase secretions cell changes tissue damage Dilatations
Pneumonia
Infection of the lower respiratory tract involving the pulmonary parenchyma= GA region. Inflammation of the GA region caused by infection. Restrictive breathing disease
cause
inflammation alveoli walls
incresed blood supply
alveoli filled with fluid
Colour of sputum
1)Clear - Saliva-like Not indicative of infection
2)Mucoid - White/milky, opaque Viral infection or non-infective
bronchitis
3) Purulent - Yellow/Green, pus-likeBacterial infection (colour is from dead neutrophils)
4) Frothy -Pink or white froth Pulmonary oedema
5)Frank
haemoptysis- Pure blood Pulmonary haemorrhage, TB, tumour,
cavity, lung infarction, pulmonary embolus.
6)Streaked
haemoptysis- Blood mixed with white/purulent sputum Inflammation of bronchial tree, tumour, cavity
Types of Heart failure
Right
Left
Diastolic
Systolic
Left sided heart failure
Fluid can back into lungs and shortness of breath swelling of the lungs white frothy pink sputum
Right sided heart failure
Cor pulmonae fluid can back up into abdomen swelling in the feet and legs
Systolic heart failure
Left ventricle cant contact vigorously enough = pump problem can cause swollen ankles
Diastolic heart failure
Left ventricle cant relax fully and therefore cant fill
why does swelling indicate heart faliure
blood isn’t being pumped from the heart efficiently so there is slow transportation and it can be slowed and pooled in the extremities
cystic fibrosis
life shortening hereditary complex multi system ( respiratory and GI tract ) disease. Caused by mutations of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene
poor regulation of water and chloride = sticky secretions
Pneumothorax
Air trapped in the intra-pleural space between visceral and parital pleura
Pulomary effusion
Imbalance between absorption of the visceral and filtration of the parital which results in fluid being trapped in the pleural space
