Definitions

Question 1

Efficacy

Answer 1

The maximum therapeutic effect a drug can achieve, weight with least side effects

Question 2

Potency

Answer 2

The amount of the drug needed to achieve that maximum effect

Question 3

Half-life

Answer 3

Time it takes for half of the drug to be removed from the bloodstream. (e.g. Drugs with shorter half life need to be given 3 or 4 times a day)

Question 4

Typical Anti-Psychotics

Answer 4

traditional first generation major tranquilizers or neuroleptic drugs used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Often produced significant neurological side effects

Question 5

Atypical Anti-Psychotics

Answer 5

new type of anti-psychotics (second generation) with less neurological side effects

Question 6

Typical anti-psychotics mechanism of action

Answer 6

Dopamine antagonist

Question 7

Atypical anti-psychotics mechanism of action

Answer 7

Dopamine antagonist and serotonin antagonist

Question 8

Antagonist (drug type)

Answer 8

Works to block a certain type of receptors

Question 9

BPSD

Answer 9

Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia

Question 10

Catatonia

Answer 10

Abnormality of movement, may involve repetitive overactivity, or catalepsy (rigid trance or seizure with loss of sensation or consciousness) etc.

Question 11

Extra pyramidal tracts

Answer 11

Start in the brain stem, carries motor fibres to spinal cord. Controls involuntary/autonomic muscle function.

Question 12

Akathisia

Answer 12

Muscular discomfort and continuous motor restlessness. Unable to keep still. Can occur whenever but usually in first weeks of treatment. Associated with higher med doses. Anticholinergics effective.

Question 13

Psuedo-parkinsonism

Answer 13

Tremor, muscle stiffness, shuffling gait, drooling, mask like face, slowed movement. Generally occurs beyond 1 week after starting medication. Due to lowered levels of dopamine.

Question 14

Tardive dyskinesia (TD)

Answer 14

Spastic facial distortions/movements: mainly tongue, may extend to neck, trunk and extremities. Occurs beyond 6 months of starting treatment usually, may be permanent, occur on discontinuation, or resolve on own.

Question 15

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

Answer 15

Rigidity, fever, tremor, altered level of consciousness, hypotension, tachycardia, elevated WBC and CK (Creatine Kinase). Mortality 10 – 20%

Question 16

Anticholinergic side effects

Answer 16

Dry, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, mydriasis (dilated pupils)

Question 17

Atypical anti-psychotics, alternative/special uses

Answer 17

• Mood stabilising properties

- BPSD management

Question 18

Side effects of atypical anti-psychotics

Answer 18

Less chance of EPS or NMS than typicals. Associated with metabolic syndromes though: greater risk of weight gain/obesity (and therefore T2DM and CVD), lipid abnormalities, increased prolactin, hypertension. Monitoring of metabolic parameters required.

Question 19

Acute dystonia

Answer 19

Involuntary muscular contractions or spasms that cause repetitive twisting. Can be painful and frightening. Occurs in neck, throat, and eyes, etc.

Question 20

CIWA assessment

Answer 20

For alcohol addiction

Question 21

Passivity delusion

Answer 21

Being controlled, thoughts are not one’s own

Question 22

Clang association

Answer 22

Rhyming/similar sounding words

Question 23

Thought blocking

Answer 23

Stops speaking in the middle of a sentence/thought

Question 24

Circumstanciality/ circumstantial speech

Answer 24

Drifting to a different focus of conversation, but comes back to the point. Irrelevant details make it longer to get to the point

Question 25

Poverty of ideas/thought

Answer 25

No thoughts, feeling of emptiness inside

Question 26

Poverty of speech / alogia

Answer 26

Restricted speech that does not give any actual information, it is vague and empty, although can be a normal amount of words.

Question 27

Blunted affect

Answer 27

Slow to react - inbetween restricted and flat

Question 28

Flat affect

Answer 28

Almost none to no emotional response at all

Question 29

Restricted affect

Answer 29

One affect the whole time

Question 30

Euthymic

Answer 30

Normal level of mood

Question 31

Dysthymic

Answer 31

Depressed mood

Question 32

Labile mood

Answer 32

Rapid changing of mood

Question 33

Congruent affect

Answer 33

Matches mood

Question 34

Incongruent affect

Answer 34

Doesn't match mood

Question 35

Anhedonia

Answer 35

Loss of interest/pleasure

Question 36

Avolition

Answer 36

Lack of motivation

Question 37

Affective flattening

Answer 37

Symptom of depression, flat affect, showing little to no emotional response externally.

Question 38

Alogia

Answer 38

Poverty of speech / thoughts

Question 39

Agnosia

Answer 39

Inability to recognise objects (symptom of dementia)

Question 40

Thought insertion

Answer 40

Thoughts of another person inserted into the patient's mind

Question 41

Thought broadcasting

Answer 41

Belief that others can hear your thoughts

Question 42

Ideas of reference

Answer 42

Belief that occurrences in the world relate to the patient

Question 43

Nihilistic delusion

Answer 43

Like dissociation, belief that the patient does not exist, or the patient is dead.

Question 44

Persecutory delusion

Answer 44

In danger, under attack, threatened

Question 45

Catatonia

Answer 45

Inability to move normally

Question 46

Positive symptoms

Answer 46

Adds to patient's life e.g. hallucinations, delusion

Question 47

Negative symptoms

Answer 47

Takes away from patient's life e.g. anhedonia, avolition

Question 48

Brief psychotic episode

Answer 48

Between 1 and 30 days. More than 30 days can be diagnosed schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder

Question 49

Phases of schizophrenia

Answer 49

Prodromal, acute, recovery

Question 50

Dialectical behavioural therapy

Answer 50

focuses on mindfulness and distress tolerance

Question 51

Motivational interviewing

Answer 51

focuses on feelings of ambivalence, best for addictions

Question 52

Electro-convulsive therapy

Answer 52

Mostly used for major depression

Question 53

How many older people experience depression?

Answer 53

15-20%

Question 54

Stages of dementia

Answer 54

Mild, moderate, severe. Moderate being the longest stage, consisting of profound memory loss and disorientation

Question 55

How to activate PSNS (parasympathetic nervous system)?

Answer 55

Deep breathing, with a focus on long exhalation

Question 56

Symptoms of alcohol withdrawals

Answer 56

Nausea, tremors, agitation

Question 57

Acetylcholine

Answer 57

Neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles and memory function. Relates to dementia

Question 58

GABA

Answer 58

Neurotransmitter that regulates excitatory neurons and electric activity. Relates to anxiety.

Question 59

Serotonin

Answer 59

Neurotransmitter that inhibits behaviour and activity, enhances sleep. Relates to depression.

Question 60

Dopamine

Answer 60

Neurotransmitter that regulates decision making, fine muscle movement, emotions and thoughts. Relates to psychosis/schizophrenia (and parkinsons)

Question 61

Epinephrine

Answer 61

Neurotransmitter related sympathetic nervous system (paranoia, mania vs. low, dull, depression)

Question 62

Norepinephrine

Answer 62

Neurotransmitter that relates to sympathetic nervous system, alertness, focus and attention. (anxiety, paranoia vs. low, dull, depression)

Question 63

Glutamate

Answer 63

Neurotransmitter that relates to memory, metabolic function, learning and thinking. Leads to neural death/degeneration, poor memory and learning, or lack of is related to schizophrenia.

Question 64

Nigro-striatal

Answer 64

Dopamine pathway relating to involuntary muscle activity

Question 65

Meso-limbic and meso-cortical

Answer 65

Dopamine pathway in which abnormal functioning causes psychotic symptoms

Question 66

Tubero-hypophyseal

Answer 66

Dopamine pathway relating to neuroendocrine regulation