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BN4 mental health > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Efficacy

A

The maximum therapeutic effect a drug can achieve, weight with least side effects

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2
Q

Potency

A

The amount of the drug needed to achieve that maximum effect

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3
Q

Half-life

A

Time it takes for half of the drug to be removed from the bloodstream. (e.g. Drugs with shorter half life need to be given 3 or 4 times a day)

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4
Q

Typical Anti-Psychotics

A

traditional first generation major tranquilizers or neuroleptic drugs used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Often produced significant neurological side effects

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5
Q

Atypical Anti-Psychotics

A

new type of anti-psychotics (second generation) with less neurological side effects

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6
Q

Typical anti-psychotics mechanism of action

A

Dopamine antagonist

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7
Q

Atypical anti-psychotics mechanism of action

A

Dopamine antagonist and serotonin antagonist

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8
Q

Antagonist (drug type)

A

Works to block a certain type of receptors

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9
Q

BPSD

A

Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia

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10
Q

Catatonia

A

Abnormality of movement, may involve repetitive overactivity, or catalepsy (rigid trance or seizure with loss of sensation or consciousness) etc.

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11
Q

Extra pyramidal tracts

A

Start in the brain stem, carries motor fibres to spinal cord. Controls involuntary/autonomic muscle function.

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12
Q

Akathisia

A

Muscular discomfort and continuous motor restlessness. Unable to keep still. Can occur whenever but usually in first weeks of treatment. Associated with higher med doses. Anticholinergics effective.

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13
Q

Psuedo-parkinsonism

A

Tremor, muscle stiffness, shuffling gait, drooling, mask like face, slowed movement. Generally occurs beyond 1 week after starting medication. Due to lowered levels of dopamine.

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14
Q

Tardive dyskinesia (TD)

A

Spastic facial distortions/movements: mainly tongue, may extend to neck, trunk and extremities. Occurs beyond 6 months of starting treatment usually, may be permanent, occur on discontinuation, or resolve on own.

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15
Q

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

A

Rigidity, fever, tremor, altered level of consciousness, hypotension, tachycardia, elevated WBC and CK (Creatine Kinase). Mortality 10 – 20%

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16
Q

Anticholinergic side effects

A

Dry, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, mydriasis (dilated pupils)

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17
Q

Atypical anti-psychotics, alternative/special uses

A
  • Mood stabilising properties

- BPSD management

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18
Q

Side effects of atypical anti-psychotics

A

Less chance of EPS or NMS than typicals. Associated with metabolic syndromes though: greater risk of weight gain/obesity (and therefore T2DM and CVD), lipid abnormalities, increased prolactin, hypertension. Monitoring of metabolic parameters required.

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19
Q

Acute dystonia

A

Involuntary muscular contractions or spasms that cause repetitive twisting. Can be painful and frightening. Occurs in neck, throat, and eyes, etc.

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20
Q

CIWA assessment

A

For alcohol addiction

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21
Q

Passivity delusion

A

Being controlled, thoughts are not one’s own

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22
Q

Clang association

A

Rhyming/similar sounding words

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23
Q

Thought blocking

A

Stops speaking in the middle of a sentence/thought

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24
Q

Circumstanciality/ circumstantial speech

A

Drifting to a different focus of conversation, but comes back to the point. Irrelevant details make it longer to get to the point

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25
Q

Poverty of ideas/thought

A

No thoughts, feeling of emptiness inside

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26
Q

Poverty of speech / alogia

A

Restricted speech that does not give any actual information, it is vague and empty, although can be a normal amount of words.

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27
Q

Blunted affect

A

Slow to react - inbetween restricted and flat

28
Q

Flat affect

A

Almost none to no emotional response at all

29
Q

Restricted affect

A

One affect the whole time

30
Q

Euthymic

A

Normal level of mood

31
Q

Dysthymic

A

Depressed mood

32
Q

Labile mood

A

Rapid changing of mood

33
Q

Congruent affect

A

Matches mood

34
Q

Incongruent affect

A

Doesn’t match mood

35
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of interest/pleasure

36
Q

Avolition

A

Lack of motivation

37
Q

Affective flattening

A

Symptom of depression, flat affect, showing little to no emotional response externally.

38
Q

Alogia

A

Poverty of speech / thoughts

39
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognise objects (symptom of dementia)

40
Q

Thought insertion

A

Thoughts of another person inserted into the patient’s mind

41
Q

Thought broadcasting

A

Belief that others can hear your thoughts

42
Q

Ideas of reference

A

Belief that occurrences in the world relate to the patient

43
Q

Nihilistic delusion

A

Like dissociation, belief that the patient does not exist, or the patient is dead.

44
Q

Persecutory delusion

A

In danger, under attack, threatened

45
Q

Catatonia

A

Inability to move normally

46
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Adds to patient’s life e.g. hallucinations, delusion

47
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Takes away from patient’s life e.g. anhedonia, avolition

48
Q

Brief psychotic episode

A

Between 1 and 30 days. More than 30 days can be diagnosed schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder

49
Q

Phases of schizophrenia

A

Prodromal, acute, recovery

50
Q

Dialectical behavioural therapy

A

focuses on mindfulness and distress tolerance

51
Q

Motivational interviewing

A

focuses on feelings of ambivalence, best for addictions

52
Q

Electro-convulsive therapy

A

Mostly used for major depression

53
Q

How many older people experience depression?

A

15-20%

54
Q

Stages of dementia

A

Mild, moderate, severe. Moderate being the longest stage, consisting of profound memory loss and disorientation

55
Q

How to activate PSNS (parasympathetic nervous system)?

A

Deep breathing, with a focus on long exhalation

56
Q

Symptoms of alcohol withdrawals

A

Nausea, tremors, agitation

57
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles and memory function. Relates to dementia

58
Q

GABA

A

Neurotransmitter that regulates excitatory neurons and electric activity. Relates to anxiety.

59
Q

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter that inhibits behaviour and activity, enhances sleep. Relates to depression.

60
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter that regulates decision making, fine muscle movement, emotions and thoughts. Relates to psychosis/schizophrenia (and parkinsons)

61
Q

Epinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter related sympathetic nervous system (paranoia, mania vs. low, dull, depression)

62
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter that relates to sympathetic nervous system, alertness, focus and attention. (anxiety, paranoia vs. low, dull, depression)

63
Q

Glutamate

A

Neurotransmitter that relates to memory, metabolic function, learning and thinking. Leads to neural death/degeneration, poor memory and learning, or lack of is related to schizophrenia.

64
Q

Nigro-striatal

A

Dopamine pathway relating to involuntary muscle activity

65
Q

Meso-limbic and meso-cortical

A

Dopamine pathway in which abnormal functioning causes psychotic symptoms

66
Q

Tubero-hypophyseal

A

Dopamine pathway relating to neuroendocrine regulation

BN4 mental health (2 decks)

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