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Psychiatry > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What are emotions?

A

They are formed as a result of human interaction with the environment

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2
Q

What is feeling?

A

Conscious subjective experience of emotions

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3
Q

What is affect?

A

The external expression of internal emotional tone

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4
Q

What is mood?

A

A long-lasting pervasive emotional tone. It is more persistent and less intense than emotions

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5
Q

What is Euthymia?

A

A state full of emotional balance

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6
Q

What is synthymia?

A

A state in which emotions are appropriate to and in proportion with the circumstances as well as with the individual’s thoughts and actions (emotional appropriateness, consonance)

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7
Q

What is hyperthymia?

A

An emotional state, characterised by pathologically elevated sthenic emotions - excessive cheerfulness and joy or intense anger (mania)

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8
Q

What is dysthymia?

A

An emotional state, characterised by pathologically elevated asthenic emotions - anxiety, sadness. (Depression)

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9
Q

What is hypothymia?

A

Reduced emotional tone and low emotional reactivity

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10
Q

What is apathy?

A

A complete loss of emotional reactivity. Together with Abulia, it is part of the apathetic abulic syndrome, characterised of frontal lobe organic disorder

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11
Q

What is blunted effect?

A

A severe reduction in the intensity of emotional expression, it occurs in schizophrenia

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12
Q

What is flat effect?

A

An absence or near-complete absence of emotional expression

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13
Q

Define Parathymia?

A

An emotional state in which the emotional reaction is highly irrelevant to the stimulus that caused it or to the circumstances in general (laughter instead of tears, fear instead of anger)

  • Often observed with paramimia (inappropriate mimic expression) or parabulia (inappropriate volitional activity) - Schizophrenia
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14
Q

What is euphoria?

A

It is an excessive cheerfulness, inappropriate to the circumstances, accompanied by poor insight and judgement.

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15
Q

Define dysphoria

A

Semantically and phenomenologically opposite to euphoria, It is a gloomy mood accompanied by irritability or anger that easily escalate in aggression. Organic brain impairment, epilepsy, mania and schizophrenia

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16
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Inability to feel pleasure, there is lack of interest in and withdrawal from usual pleasure able activities - hobbies, sex, social interactions etc. Depression.

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17
Q

Define fear

A

An unpleasant emotional state that involves psychophysiological changes in response to a real threat or danger. Varying degrees of intensity observed

Unlike anxiety (more diffuse) - fear is response to a specific dangerous stimulus or situation

Physiological and pathological (anxiety, delusions, hallucinations)

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18
Q

Define anxiety

A

A feeling of apprehension in the anticipation of a possible threat or a vague menace.

This is experienced in absence of threat or stimulus (unlike fear)

It is accompanied by physical sensations such as “lump in the throat” “knot in the stomach” and others

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19
Q

Define agitation

A

A state of motor restlessness resulting from severe anxiety; patient walks aimlessly around the room, sit and stand repeatedly, perform stereotypical action

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20
Q

Define panic

A

A cute, intense attack of anxiety and discomfort accompanied by manifest symptoms of autonomic arousal

Anxiety is overwhelming and may be associated with a sense of impeding doom.

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21
Q

What is phobia?

A

Persistent, pathological, unrealistic, intense fear of objects or situations that results in their avoidance. Phobic person realises that fear is irrational but none the less, cannot control it

Cardinal symptom of specific and social phobias - can grow in intensity to the level of panic attack

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22
Q

What is emotional lability?

A

A mental state of excessive emotional responsiveness characterised by unstable and rapidly changing emotions (e.g. fluctuations between despondency and elation)

Patient’s cry for little or no reason

Common in cerebralvascular disease, head trauma, organic or toxic brain damage, anxiety and personality disorders

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23
Q

What is emotional retention?

A

Is an inability to give outward expression of subjectively experienced emotions, observed in depression and in some personality disorders

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24
Q

What is emotional ambivalence?

A

Mental state characterised by presence of co-existing or quickly alternating conflicting emotions towards an object or a satiation - occurs in combination with ambitendency

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25
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

Ability to identify, assess and control the emotions of oneself, of others and of groups. It includes both interpersonal intelligence (capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people) and interpersonal intelligence (the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one’s feelings, fears and motivations)

26
Q

What is Alexithymia?

A

Closely related to emotional intelligence. It is deficiency in understanding, processing or describing own emotions. Such individuals often express their fears and bad mood through somatic symptoms - they also have difficulty in distinguishing and appreciating the emotions of others which leads to abnormal emotional responding.

27
Q

Define memory?

A

Ability of the brain to encode (registration), store (retention) and reproduce (recall) traces of sensations, perceptions, thoughts and other experiences

28
Q

What is Hypermnesia?

A

Represents enhanced memory function - increased ability to memorise, long duration of memory trace of retention and an ease and speed of their reproduction. Physiological and pathological

29
Q

What is hypomnesia?

A

Reduced memory capacity of all or some memory processes (registration, retention, reproduction)

30
Q

Define amnesia?

A

Partial or complete loss of memory of what has been experienced over a period of time or of a single event - psychogenic and organic

31
Q

What is Almonesia?

A

Actual events are reproduced in a modified or inaccurate manner according to the individual’s interest and emotional state at a precise moment (memory illusions) - can be physiological and important for legal practice

32
Q

What are Pseudomnesias

A

They are memory hallucinations and are always pathological

Patients experience creations of their own fantasy as real memories. Schizophrenia

33
Q

What are Confabulations?

A

They are “invented”, false memories which patients use in order to fill the “gaps” in their memory. They are part of Korsakoff’s syndrome

34
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A
  1. Severe impairment of registration, leading to anterograde amnesia with inability to acquire new memories
  2. Disorientation to time, place and public events
  3. Confabulations whereby patients fill in the gaps in their memory

Occurs in dementia, chronic alcoholism, trauma, intoxication’s and brain tumours.

35
Q

Define volition

A

It is a state of energy and impulse, which guides our purposeful activity, a conscious purposeful of the mental and physical activity

36
Q

What is hyperbulia?

A

It is morbidly increased volitional activity; intensification of urges, increased impulsiveness, initiative and mobility

37
Q

What is hypobulia?

A

Decreased volitional activity in which necessary or usually pleasant activities are difficult to perform. It is characterised by a decrease in the desire and incentive to work, lethargy, inactivity and reduction of physical activity - Depression

38
Q

Define Abulia

A

Complete underdevelopment or loss of voluntary activity - severe mental retardation

39
Q

Define catatonia

A

The essential feature of catatonia is a marked psychomotor disturbance that may involve decreased motor activity, decreased engagement during interview, excessive or peculiar motor activity - involves many other definitions

40
Q

Stupor (C)

A

No psychomotor activity, not actively relating to environment

41
Q

Cataplexy (c)

A

Passive induction of a posture held against gravity

42
Q

Waxy flexibility (c)

A

Slight, even resistance to positioning by examiner

43
Q

Mutism (c)

A

No or very little verbal response

44
Q

Negativism (c)

A

Opposition or no response to instructions or external stimuli

45
Q

Posturing (c)

A

Spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity

46
Q

Mannerism (c)

A

Odd, circumstantial caricature of normal actions

47
Q

Stereotypy (c)

A

Repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal directed movements

48
Q

Echolalia (c)

A

Mimicking another’s movements

49
Q

Echopraxia (c)

A

Mimicking another’s movements

50
Q

What is attention?

A

Attracting or directing one’s awareness towards certain objects, phenomena or problems.

51
Q

Define hyperprosexia

A

Morbid enhancement of active attention - observed in hypochondriac and obsessive syndromes, depression etc

52
Q

Define hypoprosexia

A

Morbid weakening of active attention - individual cant “remain with the purpose” focus on a particular activity or particular content for enough time - mania, anxiety disorders, mental retardation

53
Q

Define aprosexia

A

an underdeveloped or a complete loss of active attention. Mental retardation

54
Q

What is clarify of consciousness?

A

Is the ability to place oneself correctly in the world by time, space, social reality and to be aware of one’s own personality (autopsychic orientation)

55
Q

Define delirium

A

The individual has disturbance of consciousness (i.e. reduced awareness of the environment) with impaired ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention. Questions must be repeated because the individual’s attention wanders.

Person is easily distracted by irregular stimuli. Impossible to engage the person in conversion.

56
Q

What is dysnomia

A

Impaired ability to name objects

57
Q

Define dissociative fugue

A

Is a sudden, unexpected, travel usually caused by traumatic, stressful or overwhelming life events.

58
Q

Define trance

A

Is an alteration of consciousness, loss of customary sense of personal identity with narrowing of awareness of immediate surroundings and stereotyped behaviour that are experienced as being beyond one’s control

59
Q

Define possession trance?

A

Is an altercation of consciousness, with the replacement of customary sense of personal identity by a new possessing identity, usually spiritual in nature (e.g. spirit of the dead, supernatural entities, gods, demons) which the individual can hear or see.

60
Q

What are high potency APs

A

Haloperidol, Zuclepentixol, Flupentixol, Fluphenazine

61
Q

Low potency APs

A

Chlorpromazine, Chlorprothexhine, Thioridazine

62
Q

What are atypical APs?

A

Clozapine, Aripriprazole, Quetiapine, Olanzapine, Risperidone, Amisulpride

Psychiatry (7 decks)

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