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Definitions Flashcards

(71 cards)

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0
Q

Genome

A

All the genetic material in a single cell from an organism

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1
Q

Human genome project

A

A project undertaken to decipher the sequence if bases in the human genome in order to gain a better understanding of the way genes control our genotype

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2
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic make up of an organism- describes the organism in terms of the alleles it contains

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3
Q

Dystrophin

A

Largest human gene- 2.4million bases long

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4
Q

Glial cell

A

Cell found only in the nervous system, which do not conduct action potentials. Provide nutrients and insulation, & aid repair of neurones.

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5
Q

Threshold potential

A

A specific membrane potential which opens voltage-gated channels. -50mV

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6
Q

Mono amine oxidase

A

An enzyme which catalyses the break down of a neurotransmitter in the brain involve in the regulation of behaviour

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7
Q

Cambium

A

Meristem found between the xylem and phloem of vascular bundles

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8
Q

Rods

A

Light sensitive cells in the retina, responsible for black and white vision. They work better in dim light

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9
Q

Cones

A

Found in the vertebrate retina- responsible for colour vision

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10
Q

Brain stem

A

The portion of the vertebrate brain between the spinal cord and the forebrain

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11
Q

Midbrain

A

Relays auditory informations to the temporal lobe and visual info to the occipital lobe

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12
Q

Selegiline

A

A drug which inhibits mono amine oxidase and thus the break down of dopamine does not occur

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13
Q

Dopamine agonist

A

A drug which mimics dopamine and binds to the dopamine receptors- thus triggering an action potential

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14
Q

5-HTT gene

A

Gene that codes for transporter protein that controls the reputable of serotonin into presynaptic neurones. Ppl with a short version are more likely to develop depression

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15
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

The study of why some drugs have different effects on ppl- suspected to be due to different SNP’s

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16
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

A

DNA sequence variation involving 1bp mutations locations may reveal causes of some inherited diseases

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17
Q

Transgenic

A

An organism which has been genetically modified to contain a desired gene.

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18
Q

Candidate gene

A

A gene that may cause a particular disease

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19
Q

Average human gene contains how many bases?

A

3000

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20
Q

Human genome contains how many bases? How many genes?

A

3,200,000,000 bases and 20,000-25,000 genes

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21
Q

Function of ApoE gene

A

Controls production of a lipoprotein used in the repair of cell membranes

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22
Q

Drug target

A

Specific molecule that a drug interacts with to bring about its effect

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23
Q

Proteomics

A

Study of structure and fiction of proteins in an organism

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24
Muscle fibre
A single muscle cell surrounded by a cell surface membrane
25
Striated muscle
Muscle that usually consists of sheets of mononuleated cells connected to the autonomic nervous system
26
Miyofibrils
Specialised muscle found in the heart; striped and interconnected. Does not fatigue
27
Total daily expenditure
Amount of energy needed for an active body, most of which is used in muscle contraction
28
Substrate level phosphorylation
The transfer of phosphates to ADP in the reactions of glycolysis
29
Fatty acid oxidation
Release of energy from fat. Fats are first broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are then broken down in a series of reactions used to make a 3 carbon compound that can be fed into the krebs cycle
30
End point inhibition
The process where the end product of a reaction inhibits earlier steps in the metabolic pathway.
31
Peripheral nervous system
Neurones that transmit information to and from the CNS, and whose cell bodies are outside the brain and spinal cord
32
Somatic nervous system
The system that controls voluntary functions- eg the skeletal system
33
Glial cell
Only cells found in the nervous system which do not conduct action potentials. Provide insulation, nutrients and support as well as aiding the repair of neurones
34
Action potential
Large brief reversal in polarity of an axon
35
Potential difference
The difference in charge across a membrane
36
Refractory periods
The time interval of a neurone after an action potential during which another action potential cannot be elicited
37
Synaptic vesicles
A membrane bound vesicle containing neurotransmitter which is released by the presynaptic neurone
38
Summation
The ability of a neurone to fire action potentials in response to numerous threshold post synaptic potentials arriving simultaneously at different places on the cell/ at the same site in rapid succession
39
Coleoptile
Used to describe the first lead of grasses
40
Sense organs
Types of receptor cells grouped together with other specialised cells and tissues
41
Ciliary muscles
Muscle which alters the thickness of the lens for focusing
42
Functionally inside out
How ppl describe the structural organisation of the retina
43
Ops in
The protein portion of the visual pigment rhodopsin
44
Retinal
The light absorbing portion of visual pigment molecules. Derived from b carotene
45
Thalamus
Relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex along axons
46
Cortex
The outer tissue of certain organs such as the cerebral cortex
47
Brain stem
The portion of the vertebrates brain between the spinal cord and the fore brain
48
Depth perception
As images in the retina of objects become further than 30meters away visual clues and experiences are required to interpret the image
49
Insightful learning
Learning by reasoning
50
Sensory memory
Messages received from sensory input which last in the memory for only a few milliseconds
51
Slegiline
Drug which inhibits mono amine oxidase
52
Working memory
Coordination of sensory memory with info from long term memory
53
Prozac
Drug which blocks the uptake of serotonin!
54
Introns
Non coding DNA sequence that lies within non coding sequence
55
Protoplasts
A plant cell in which the cell wall has been removed by enzymes
56
A process where plants or animals are genetically modified to produce substances we require (often drugs)
Pharming
57
Protein filaments
Contractile tissue characterised by multinucleate Cells containing highly ordered arrangements of actin and myosin
58
Myofibrila
Ordered assemblages of thin actin and thick myosin in a muscle fibre
59
Sarcollema
Cell membrane of a muscle fibre
60
ATP/PC system
The immediate energy system that does not require oxygen
61
Aerobic capacity
He max amount of oxygen the body can use during intense exercise
62
The difference between the actual oxygen consumption and theoretical oxygen consumption had exercise been completed entirely aerobic ally
Oxygen deficit
63
Receptors in the aorta an carotid arteries that send impulses to the cardiovascular control centre
Barorrceptors
64
Artery in the side of the neck
Carotid artery
65
Vital capacity
The max volume of air we inhale or exhale
66
Immune suppression
The lowering of the effectiveness of the immune system
67
Natural killer cells
A group of lymphocytes found in the blood and lymph which do not use specific antigen recognition
68
Signal protein
A hormone/growth factor/ regulatory molecule which cause the conversion of an inactive to an active transcription factor
69
Repressive molecule
Molecules which prevent transcription occurring in a variety of ways
70
Peptide hormone used to stimulate the formation of new red blood cells.. Produced in the kidneys
Erythropoietin

Biology (2 decks)

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