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A Level Chemistry > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

First Ionisation Energy

A

The energy required to convert one mole of gaseous atoms into gaseous ions with a a single positive charge

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2
Q

Second/Third Ionisation Energy

A

The energy required to convert one mole of gaseous ions with a single/double positive charge into gaseous ions with a double/triple positive charge

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3
Q

Standard Conditions

A

25°C(298K) and 1 atmosphere(100kPa)

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4
Q

Enthalpy of Reaction

A

Enthalpy change when the number of moles of substances reacts, as written in the equation

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5
Q

Standard enthalpy of combustion

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt is oxygen under standard conditions

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6
Q

Standard enthalpy of formation

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions

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7
Q

Standard enthalpy of neutralisation

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of water is produced in a neutralisation reaction under standard conditions

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8
Q

Lattice enthalpy

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of an ionic compound is converted to gaseous ions.

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9
Q

Enthalpy of atomisation

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms is formed from the element in its atomic state

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10
Q

First electron affinity

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms is converted into gaseous ions with a single negative charge

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11
Q

Enthalpy of solution

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a solute dissolves in water

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12
Q

Enthalpy of hydration

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous ions is converted to one mole of aqueous ions

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13
Q

Conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another

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14
Q

Hess’s Law

A

The enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken, provided the initial and final conditions are the same

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15
Q

Average bond enthalpy

A

The energy required to break one mole of a given bond averaged over many compounds

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16
Q

Bond enthalpy

A

The energy required to break one mole of a specific bond

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17
Q

Reaction rate

A

The change of the concentration (amount) of a reactant or product with respect to time

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18
Q

Order of reaction (with respect to a reactant)

A

The power to which the concentration of a reactant is raised in the rate equation

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19
Q

Order of reaction (overall)

A

The sum of the powers to which the concentration terms are raised in the rate equation

20
Q

Rate constant

A

The proportionality constant which links the rate of the reaction to the concentrations in the rate equation

21
Q

Rate determining step

A

The slowest step in the mechanism

22
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur

23
Q

Homogenous

A

A reaction in which all the reactants and products are in the same physical state

24
Q

Heterogenous

A

A reaction in which all the reactants and products are not in the same state

25
Q

Feasible/Spontaneously

A

A reaction for which free energy is less than 0 (/_\G<0)

26
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of disorder (randomness)

27
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

Rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction and the amount of each reactant/product remains constant.

28
Q

Reversible

A

A reaction which goes in both the forward and backward directions.

29
Q

Equilibrium

A

A reversible reaction in which the amount of each reactant/product remains constant.

30
Q

Homogenous Equilibrium

A

A reaction in which all the reactants and products are in the same physical state.

31
Q

Heterogenous Equilibrium

A

A reaction in which the reactants and products are in a different physical state.

32
Q

Concentration.

A

Number of moles divided by volume.

33
Q

Bronsted

A

Proton donor

34
Q

Bronsted base

A

Proton acceptor

35
Q

Kw

A

kw= (H+)(OH-)

36
Q

Ka

A

Ka=[H+][A-]/[HA]

37
Q

pH

A

pH= -log10[H+]

38
Q

pKa

A

pKa= -log10Kw

39
Q

Buffer Solution

A

A solution which resists change in pH on addition of small amounts of acid or alkali

40
Q

Monobasic

A

Donates one proton per molecule

41
Q

Asymmetrical Centre

A

An atom which has four different atoms or groups attached

42
Q

Optical Isomers

A

Molecules which exist as non-superimposable mirror images

43
Q

Optically active

A

As sample which rotates the plane of plane polarised light

44
Q

Racemic Mixture

A

A 50:50 mixture of two optical isomers

45
Q

Monoester

A

An ester which contains only one ester group

46
Q

Transesterification

A

A reaction where the alkyl group of an ester is exchanged with the alkyl group of an alcohol

47
Q

Biodiesel

A

A fuel, similar to diesel, which is made from vegetable sources. E.g. from the reaction of rape seed oil with methanol

A Level Chemistry (3 decks)

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