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Pathology basic > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

ABSCESS

A

Localized collections of pus caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space.

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2
Q

ADENOCARCINOMA

A

Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium.

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3
Q

ADENOMA

A

Benign tumor of glandular epithelium.

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4
Q

ADHESION

A

Adhesions are fibrous bands of scar tissue that form between internal organs and tissues, joining them together abnormally.

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5
Q

AGENESIS

A

Complete absence of an organ or is anlage.

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6
Q

AMYLOIDOSIS

A

Disorder characterized by the extracellular deposits of proteins that are prone to aggregate and form insoluble fibrils.

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7
Q

ANAPLASIA

A

Dedifferentiation, or loss of structural and functional differentiation of malignant tumors.

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8
Q

ANEURYSM

A

Congenital or acquired dilations of blood vessels or the heart.

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9
Q

APLASIA

A

Incomplete development of an organ or its anlage.

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10
Q

APOPTOSIS

A

Pathway of cell death in which cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.

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11
Q

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

A

Hardening of the arteries, arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity.

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12
Q

ARTERITIS

A

Arterial wall inflammation.

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13
Q

ASCITES

A

Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the peritoneal cavity.

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14
Q

ATELECTASIS

A

Loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of air spaces.

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15
Q

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

A

Characterized by intimal lesions called atheromas (or atheromatous or atherosclerotic plaques) that impinge on the vascular lumen and can rupture to cause sudden occlusion.

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16
Q

ATRESIA

A

Absence of an opening, usually of a hollow visceral organ or duct.

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17
Q

ATROPHY

A

Shrinkage in the size of cells by the loss of cell substance.

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18
Q

ATYPIA

A

Structural abnormality in a cell due to reactive or neoplastic processes

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19
Q

AUTOLYSIS

A

Enzymatic digestion of cells (especially dead or degenerate) by enzymes present within them (autogenous).

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20
Q

BALANITIS

A

Local inflammation of the glans penis.

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21
Q

BIOPSY

A

Process involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.

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22
Q

BLASTOMA

A

Embryonal tumor, more common in children, that is caused by malignancies in precursor cells, often called blasts, characterized by small blue cells.

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23
Q

CARCINOGENESIS

A

Multistep process resulting from the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations that collectively give rise to the transformed phenotype causing malignant neoplasms.

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24
Q

CARCINOID

A

Malignant tumors composed of cells that contain dense-core neurosecretory granules in there cytoplasm, may
secrete hormonally active polypeptides. Applied only in lung tumor classification of neuroendocrine tumors.

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25
Q

CARCINOMA

A

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells.

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26
Q

CARCINOMA, in situ

A

Severe dysplastic changes which involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.

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27
Q

CARCINOMA, microinvasive

A

Superficially invasive epithelial neoplasm, invasion detected only microscopically.

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28
Q

COARCTATION

A

Congenital narrowing or constriction of the aorta

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29
Q

CONDYLOMA

A

HPV associated warty lesion of the genital squamous epithelium.

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30
Q

CONGESTION

A

Passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue, causing increased blood volume within the tissue.

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31
Q

CYST

A

An abnormal closed epithelium-lined cavity in the body, containing liquid or semisolid material.

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32
Q

DEGENERATION

A

Gradual deterioration of specific tissues, cells, or organs with corresponding impairment or loss of function.

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33
Q

DERMATITIS

A

Inflammation of the skin.

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34
Q

DESMOPLASIA

A

Tumor induced stromal reaction characterized by collagen rich connective tissue.

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35
Q

DIFFUSE

A

Not definitely limited or localized, continuous or widespread distribution.

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36
Q

DIVERTICULUM

A

Acquired pseudodiverticular outpouchings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa.

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37
Q

DYSPLASIA

A

Disorderly proliferation of the epithelium recognized by a loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation.

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38
Q

DYSTROPHY

A

Abnormal development or growth of a tissue or organ, usually resulting from nutritional deficiency.

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39
Q

ECTASIA

A

Any local dilation of a structure.

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40
Q

ECTOPIA

A

An abnormal location or position of an organ or a body part, occurring congenitally or as the result of injury.

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41
Q

EDEMA

A

Accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues.

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42
Q

EMBOLUS

A

Detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant site, where it often causes tissue dysfunction or infarction.

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43
Q

EMPHYSEMA

A

Permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls without significant fibrosis.

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44
Q

EMPYEMA

A

pleural exudate caused by microbial invasion through either direct extension of a pulmonary infection or blood-borne seeding

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45
Q

ENDOCARDITIS

A

Inflammation of the endocardium, which may be infective or non-infective of origin.

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46
Q

ENDOPHYTIC

A

Tending to grow inward into tissues in fingerlike projections from a superficial site of origin — used for tumors

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47
Q

EPITHELIOID CELL

A

Activated macrophages which may develop abundant cytoplasm and begin to resemble epithelial cells

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48
Q

EROSION

A

The superficial destruction of a surface by friction, pressure, ulceration, or trauma.

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49
Q

EXOPHYTIC

A

A neoplasm or lesion that grows outward from an epithelial surface.

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50
Q

EXUDATE

A

Protein-rich fluid accumulation

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51
Q

FIBROSIS

A

Excessive deposition of collagen and other ECM components in a tissue.

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52
Q

FISTULA

A

A permanent abnormal passageway between two organs in the body or between an organ and the exterior of the body.

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53
Q

FOCAL

A

Localized lesion, limited to a specific area.

54
Q

FOCAL, MULTIPLE

A

More than one localized lesion, limited to a specific area.

55
Q

FOCAL, SOLITARY

A

A single localized lesion, limited to a specific area.

56
Q

GIANT CELL

A

A multinucleate “cell” or syncytium formed by a fusion of activated macrophages.

57
Q

GIANT CELL, FOREIGN BODY TYPE

A

A multinucleate “cell” or syncytium formed around inert foreign material formed by a fusion of activated macrophages.

58
Q

GIANT CELL, LANGHANS TYPE

A

A multinucleate “cell” or syncytium formed around caseating necrosis, typically in tuberculosis, formed by a fusion of activated macrophages.

59
Q

GRADE

A

Level of malignancy based on the cytologic differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor.

60
Q

GRANULATION TISSUE

A

Material formed in the process of repair of wounds of soft tissue, consisting of connective tissue cells and ingrowing young vessels.

61
Q

GRANULOMA

A

Aggregates of activated macrophages with scattered lymphocytes.

62
Q

HAMARTOMA

A

A mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site.

63
Q

HEMATOMA

A

Hemorrhage accumulating within a tissue.

64
Q

HEMOPERICARDIUM

A

Hemorrhage within the pericardial cavity.

65
Q

HEMOTHORAX

A

Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.

66
Q

HERNIATION

A

Abnormal protrusion of an organ or other body structure through a defect or natural opening in a covering membrane, muscle, or bone.

67
Q

HETEROTOPIA

A

Or choristoma refers to microscopically normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal locations.

68
Q

HYALINE

A

A clear, eosinophilic, homogeneous substance occurring in cellular degeneration.

69
Q

HYDROTHORAX

A

Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the pleural cavity.

70
Q

HYPERCHROMASIA

A

An increase in chromatin in cell nuclei, causing increased staining of nuclei with hematoxylin.

71
Q

HYPERPLASIA

A

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ that stems from increased proliferation, either of differentiated cells or, in some instances, less differentiated progenitor cells.

72
Q

HYPERTROPHY

A

Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.

73
Q

INFARCTION, anaemic

A

Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue.

74
Q

Infarction, haemorrhagic

A

Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue and consequential bleeding (dual or collateral blood supply, venous occlusion, reestablished flow after infarction).

75
Q

INFLAMMATION, acute fibrinous

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage with fibrin-rich exsudate (due to large vascular leaks or local procoagulant stimulus)

76
Q

INFLAMMATION, acute hemorrhagic

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage with capillary endothelial destruction and consequent bleeding.

77
Q

INFLAMMATION, acute purulent

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage characterized by the production of pus (exudate of neutrophyls, liquefied debris of necrotis cells and edema fluid).

78
Q

INFLAMMATION, acute serous

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage marked by exudation of cell-poor fluid.

79
Q

INFLAMMATION, chronic active

A

Pattern of chronic mucosal inflammation mixed with acute inflammation of the glands.

80
Q

INFLAMMATION, chronic non-specific

A

Prolonged host response (weeks or months) to persistent stimuli that may follow unresolved acute inflammation or be chronic from the onset (cells: lymphocytes, plasma cells).

81
Q

INFLAMMATION, chronic granulomatous

A

Form of chronic inflammation characterized by collections of activated macrophages, often with T lymphocytes and sometimes associated with central necrosis (granuloma formation).

82
Q

INVASION

A

Invasion refers to the direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighbouring tissues.

83
Q

INVOLUTION

A

Reduction of volume of an organ or tissue (similarly to atrophy) due to physiological processes (e.g. thymus)

84
Q

KARYOLYSIS

A

Form of nuclear destruction: fading.

85
Q

KARYORRHEXIS

A

Form of nuclear destruction: fragmentation.

86
Q

KOILOCYTE

A

HPV infected squamous epithelial cell characterised by nuclear irregularity, hyperchromasia and perinuclear halo.

87
Q

LITHIASIS

A

Formation of calculi (stones).

88
Q

LYMPHOMA

A

Malignant tumor of the lymphoid tissue.

89
Q

MASTITIS

A

Inflammation of the breast.

90
Q

MELANOMA

A

Malignant tumor of melanocytes.

91
Q

METAPLASIA

A

Change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type.

92
Q

METASTASIS

A

Spread of a tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumor and unequivocally marks a tumor as malignant.

93
Q

NECROSIS

A

Form of cell death in which cellular membranes fall apart, and cellular enzymes leak out and ultimately digest the cell.

94
Q

NEOPLASM

A

Tissue growth due to abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation.

95
Q

ONCOGENE

A

Genes that induce a transformed phenotype when expressed in cells by promoting increased cell growth.

96
Q

ORCHITIS

A

Inflammation of the testis.

97
Q

PAPILLOMA

A

Benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike fronds.

98
Q

PETECHIAE

A

Minute (1 to 2 mm in diameter) hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces.

99
Q

PHLEBITIS

A

Inflammation of a vein.

100
Q

PHLEBOTHROMBOSIS

A

Venous thrombosis.

101
Q

PHLEGMON

A

Diffuse form of acute purulent inflammation, spreading through tissue spaces over a large area without definite limits.

102
Q

PLEOMORPHISM (POLYMORHISM)

A

Variation of size and shape of cells, usually charasteristic for malignant neoplasms.

103
Q

PNEUMONIA

A

Inflammation of the lung.

104
Q

PNEUMOTHORAX

A

Air in the thoracic cavity.

105
Q

POLYP

A

Inflammation of the rectum

106
Q

PSEUDOCYST

A

Liquefied areas of necrotic tissue become walled off by fibrous tissue to form a cystic space, lacking an epithelial lining.

107
Q

PSEUDOMEMBRANE

A

Adherent layer of inflammatory cells and debris at sites of mucosal injury.

108
Q

PUSTULE

A

Discrete, pus-filled, raised lesion.

109
Q

PYKNOSIS

A

Form of nuclear destruction: shrinkage.

110
Q

PYOTHORAX

A

Pus in the thoracic cavity.

111
Q

RECURRENCE

A

Neoplasm growing at the same place of previously treated primary tumor.

112
Q

REGENERATION

A

Replacement of damaged tissue components and essentially return to a normal state.

113
Q

RELAPSE

A

Return of a disease after its apparent cessation.

114
Q

REMISSION

A

Partial or complete disappearance of a chronic or a malignant disease.

115
Q

REPAIR

A

Regeneration by proliferation of residual (uninjured) cells and maturation of tissue stem cells, and the deposition of connective tissue to form a scar.

116
Q

RESOLUTION

A

Restoration of the site of acute inflammation to normal.

117
Q

SALPINGO-OOPHORITIS

A

Inflammation of the adnex (ovary and tube).

118
Q

SARCOMA

A

Malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin.

119
Q

SHOCK

A

A state in which diminished cardiac output or reduced effective circulating blood volume impairs tissue perfusion and leads to cellular hypoxia.

120
Q

STASIS

A

Stagnation of fluid due to obstruction and congestion.

121
Q

HEPATIC STEATOSIS

A

Fatty degeneration of the liver.

122
Q

STENOSIS

A

Narrowing of a lumen.

123
Q

SUPPURATION

A

Formation of pus.

124
Q

TERATOMA

A

Germ cell neoplasia that contains ecto- endo and mesodermal tissues.

125
Q

THROMBUS

A

The formation or presence of a blood clot in a blood vessel.

126
Q

TRANSUDATE

A

Fluid with low protein content, little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity (protein content: <3g/l).

127
Q

TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENE

A

Genes that normally prevent uncontrolled growth and, when mutated or lost from a cell, allow the transformed phenotype to develop.

128
Q

TUMOR, benign

A

A tumor which has microscopic and gross characteristics that are considered to be relatively innocent, implying that it will remain localized and is amenable to local surgical removal.

129
Q

TUMOR, malignant

A

A tumor which can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death.

130
Q

ULCER

A

Local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue.

Pathology basic (11 decks)

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