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Geography igcse > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Site

A

The land upon which a settlement is build on

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2
Q

Settlement

A

A place where people live it can be a hamlet,village, city or town.

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3
Q

Situation

A

Describes where a settlement is located in relation to other surrounding features

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4
Q

Dwelling

A

A building to live in

E.g- a flat

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5
Q

Aspect

A

The direction towards a settlement faces

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6
Q

Range of a good

A

The max distance a person is prepared to travel to buy an item

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7
Q

Threshold population

A

The number of people needed to support a good or service

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8
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Number of people that can be supported by a given environment the worlds is 8 to 10bjllion

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9
Q

Zero population growth

A

The number of people being born and dying

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10
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of people born per year pre- thousand of the current population

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11
Q

Death rate

A

The number of people that die per year per thousand of the current population

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12
Q

Natural change

A

Difference between birth rate and death rate

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13
Q

Natural increase

A

The birthrate exceeds the death rate

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14
Q

Over- Population

A

When the number of people living in an area is greater than the resources and technology available to maintain an adequate standard of living

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15
Q

Under population

A

When the number of people living in an area is less than is needed to make full use of the resources available

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16
Q

Optimum population

A

When population and resources are matched

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17
Q

Mortality rate

A

The number of deaths in a given area in a particular area or time

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18
Q

Brain drain

A

The migration of highly qualified people from the country

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19
Q

Pro natalist

A

Encourage birth rates

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20
Q

Anti-natalist

A

Decrease birth rates

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21
Q

Push factor

A

Factors that encourage the population to leave its home

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22
Q

Pull factors

A

The two that are currently population to go to an area

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23
Q

Migration

A

The movement of people

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24
Q

Immigration

A

We are going to live permanently in another country

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25
Q

Emigration

A

To leave one country or region to settle in another

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26
Q

Asylum seeker

A

A person who leaves their country or origin for fear of persecution they have asked for permission to stay in another country and are waiting for an answer

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27
Q

Internal migration

A

Migration within a country

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28
Q

Volountary migration

A

The movement undertaken for choice like for economic reasons

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29
Q

Involuntary migration

A

Movement of refugees and internationally displaced people as well as those from natural disasters or development project or conflict

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30
Q

Refugee

A

People fleeing from conflict or persecution

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31
Q

International migration

A

Movement from one country to another

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32
Q

Dependency ratio

A

Dependency ratio is a measure of the number of dependents 0 to 14 and over 65 for the total population aged 15 to 64

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33
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The spread or growth of an urban area into the rural-urban fringe. It provides mostly middle order goods.

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34
Q

Weather

A

The state of the atmosphere describing if its hot,cold,wet,dry,calm,or stormy

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35
Q

Climate

A

Atmospheric conditions over a long period of time

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36
Q

Drainage basin

A

The area of land drained by a river

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37
Q

Watershed

A

The edge of highland surrounding a drainage basin, marking the boundary between two drainage basins

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38
Q

Source

A

The beginning or star of a river

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39
Q

Confluence

A

The point at which two rivers or streams join

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40
Q

Tributary

A

A stream smaller river which joins a larger stream or river

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41
Q

Mouth

A

Point she the river comes to an end usually when entering the sea

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42
Q

Wetted perimeter

A

Length of bed and banks in contact with the river

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43
Q

Erosion

A

The wearing away of rock and soil found along the river bed and banks

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44
Q

Transportation

A

The movement of eroded material downstream by the river

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45
Q

Infiltration

A

The process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil

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46
Q

Percolation

A

Water travels downwards through tiny spaces between rocks and soil particles

47
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation of water from plant leaves

48
Q

Ground water flow

A

The flow of water underground

49
Q

Manufacturing

A

The processes of converting materials or components or parts into finished goods that meet costumers expectations

50
Q

Processing

A

Perform a series of mechanical by chemical operations on something in order to change or preserve it

51
Q

Assembly

A

Arrangement of workers and machines in a factory where each worker deals with only one part of the product

52
Q

High Technology

A

Advanced technological development specially in electronics

3D printed houses

53
Q

Foot loose industry

A

Industry that can be placed and located in any location without affecting factors of production

54
Q

Secondary industry

A

Industry that converts the materials provided by the primary industry into products and commodities for the consumer . manufacturing industry

55
Q

Input

A

Resources such as people raw materials energy information or finance that are put into the system to obtain a desired output

56
Q

Processes

A

Production of goods by combining supplies ingredients or raw substances

57
Q

Output

A

The product that has been produced

58
Q

Nonrenewable energy

A

A resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human timeframes

59
Q

NOn renewable energy

A

Energy from a source that is not deployed when used

60
Q

Leisure time

A

Free time used for enjoyment

61
Q

Tourism

A

Travel away from the home environment for leisure, recreation, to visit friends and relations or for business reasons.

62
Q

Disposable income

A

Money that people have left over after paying for basics such as mortgages and other bills that they can spend on luxuries such as holidays.

63
Q

Multiplier effect

A

Impact of spending in a community from tourist which is reallyspent and recycled in the community and a car just new businesses

64
Q

Long hawl

A

Holidays to destinations over 3000 miles or five hours flight away

65
Q

Short hawl

A

Holidays to destinations which are less than 3000 miles or five hour flight away

66
Q

International tourism

A

When people go from one country to another

67
Q

Grey pound

A

Money spent by the retired or over 60s population

68
Q

Niche market

A

Specialist market or holiday for example birdwatching

69
Q

Tourism resort

A

A settlement which has the main function of tourism and therefore provides for the needs of tourists with accommodation entertainment attractions

70
Q

Suistainable tourism

A

A process which meets the needs of the present tourists and helps communities while protecting them for the needs of future generations

71
Q

Eco-tourism

A

A form of tourism in which the environmental impact is minimized and benefits are brought to the local area and it’s community often visitors get to experience the natural vitamins while knowing the impact of visitors is being minimized locals are benefiting from the tourism

72
Q

Tour operator

A

Tourists can book directly with a tour operator to put together a package holiday

73
Q

Travel agent

A

Will sell holidays and holiday products on behalf of tour operators and other travel companies

74
Q

All inclusive

A

Package holidays which also include food drink and entertainment cultural tourism specially designed for tourist to experience the culture of a place or finding out more about the culture or history of a place

75
Q

Package holiday

A

Where transport an accommodation are booked together through tour operator or travel agent

76
Q

Adventure holiday

A

Popular with the younger market and those over 50 who have taken early retirement may involve some kind of risk usually for the purpose of challenge expiration or skill development

77
Q

Cultural tourism

A

Specially designed for tourist to experience the culture of a place or finding out more about it or its history

78
Q

Groundwater

A

Water atoned underground. Water can be held in pours rocks called aquifers. With increasing demand for water, groundwater is being demanded more and more

79
Q

Aquifer

A

Rocks that can hold water

80
Q

Water table

A

The boundary between saturated and unsaturated water

81
Q

Subsidence

A

This is the collapsing of ground. Ground may collapse if water has been abstracted removed from an acquirer underground. Parts of Mexico City are subsiding because of over extraction.

82
Q

Salt water intrusion

A

When aquifers near the coast are depleted and saltwater leaks into the aquifer changing its salinity.

83
Q

Salinisation

A

An increase in the salinity of water. Salinisation may happen if more water is being removed from an aquifer than is being replaced causing the concentration of salt to increase.

84
Q

Economic Water Scarcity

A

This is when water is available but is inaccessible or unusable due to lack of investment. Lack of infrastructure, lack of investment in groundwater extraction or transport costs are too expensive.

85
Q

Physical water scarcity

A

This is when there is not enough water available to meet demands. The most common reason is low precipitation rates.

86
Q

Water stress

A

Thus is when the demand for water exceeds the supply of water causing water shortages. Water shortages are known as droughts.
Water stress basically happens when demand exceeds supply.

87
Q

Commercial farming

A

The growing of crops/ rearing of animals to make profit

88
Q

Subsistence farming

A

Where there is just sufficient food produced to provide for the farmers own family

89
Q

Arable farming

A

Involves the growing of crops

90
Q

Pastoral farming

A

Involves the rearing of animals

91
Q

Intensive farming

A

Where the farm size is small in comparison with the large amount of labour, and inputs of capital, fertiliser, etc. Which are required

92
Q

Mixed farming

A

A type of farming which involves both the growing of crops as well as the raising of livestock

93
Q

Extensive farming

A

Where the size of a farm is very large in comparison to the inputs of money, labour, etc..

94
Q

livestock

A

animals that are domesticated and reared on a farm

95
Q

shifting cultivation

A

farming that moves from one location to another every couple of years.

96
Q

crops

A

types of plants that are grown on a farm

97
Q

slash and burn

A

he process of cutting down areas of forest and then burning the stubbble roots in order to farm. As land will become infertile in a couple of years slash and burn farmers will move land very quickly.

98
Q

yield

A

Amount of crops that are harvested

99
Q

barns:

A

A large structure normally made from wood or corrugated steel used to store machinery, harvested crops or to protect animals.

100
Q

acid rain:

A

This is largely caused by human pollution and can alter the ph of the soil and damage crops forcing to adapt their farming techniques

101
Q

irrigation

A

watering the land

102
Q

drainage ditches:

A

improved drainage may allow previously flooded land to be farmed and drain flood water away quicker.

103
Q

subsidies:

A

Financial help which may allow a farmer to increase its inputs, which will allow them to produce more crops

104
Q

monoculture

A

this is the growing of only one type of crop

105
Q

cash crops:

A

crops that are normally grown in large plantations for the purpose of selling (making profit

106
Q

nomadic

A

moving from place to place

107
Q

organic farming

A

farming that uses natural varieties and natural farming techniques. There is only very limited use of fertilisers

108
Q

GM crops

A

crops that have their genes altered to improve in quality or quantity

109
Q

Famine

A

When the demand for food exceeds the supply of it leading to undernourishment. Prolonged undernourishment can damage `peoples health and eventually lead to starvation.

110
Q

drought

A

when the demand for water exceeds the supply of it causing water stress.

111
Q

soil degradation:

A

A reduction in the quality of the soil making it harder to grow things

112
Q

desertification

A

the process of soil becoming degraded and turning to desert.

113
Q

Soil erosion

A

the removal of top soil (most fertile layer) usuallky by wind and water. Soil is much more vulnerable to erosion when no vegetation is growing on it.

Geography igcse (2 decks)

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