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Geography igcse > Case Studies > Flashcards

Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

River citarum pollution causes

A

10 million people live along the river and produce up to 10 tonnes of rubbish every day

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2
Q

Industrial area near River Citrum

A

Bandung

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3
Q

Citrum effects of rubbish on marine life

A

60% of fish died

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4
Q

Citarum river disease

A

Skin rachis

Diahrea

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5
Q

Water pollution Citrum river

A

Water very acidic pH 5.5
Water yellow/red/black
Drinking water contaminated
Mercury and lead in the water

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6
Q

Species river citarum

A

Dead goats found in the river

Disastrous as Indonesia holds w0% of the world species

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7
Q

Management river Citrum

A

Waste water legislation, 2009
Locals block up factories
Un pressure the gov
Protests in the last 10 years

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8
Q

Soil erosion

A

Ethiopia

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9
Q

Ethiopia problem

A

Leading to famine

400,000 deaths due to soil erosion which means many farmers can’t farm

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10
Q

Desertification

A

Spain

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11
Q

Spain problems

A

1/5 of the land is at risk of turning into dessert
31.5% of the land is already affected
forest fires in Galicia

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12
Q

Location affected by Global warming

A

Bangladesh

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13
Q

Bangladesh problems

A 
Low land 
Dhaka  temp +2°C 
Extreme temperatures 
Droughts in dry seasons
Increasing salinity
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14
Q

Air atmospheric pollution

A

Madrid

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15
Q

Madrid problems

A

Nitrogen dioxide - traffic
Sierra Norte very contaminated
Gran via restricted to public transport

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16
Q

Noise pollution

A

Mumbai

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17
Q

Mumbai

A

Noisiest city in the World
Awaaz foundation works for noise-pollution laws
Noise can reach 86dB

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18
Q

Visual pollution

A

Mumbai

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19
Q

Mumbai 👀

A

Overcrowding

Electrical communication cables hang above roads

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20
Q

Expensive housing in Madrid

A

2017- first 6 months prices went up by 7.7%

Houses built in the outskirts las tablas and las Rozas

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21
Q

Madrid extra travels time

A

105 hours per year

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22
Q

Madrid increasing population

A

1.4% per year

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23
Q

MDrid people per sq I’m in Madrid

A

5400 people per sq km

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24
Q

Visitors Madrid

A

5.74 million per year

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25
Q

Settlement hierarchy

A

79.4% of Spain’s population live in cities

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26
Q

Over population

A

Nigeria

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27
Q

Nigeria problems

A

Food shortages in Yola
Kano normal for 50 people to share living spaces
Lagos recorded over 58,000 cases of theft in 2016
2/3 of Lagos population live in slums
Port Harcourt since 2016 a cloud of dust covers the city

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28
Q

Nigeria population increase rate

A

2.7%

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29
Q

Nigeria population

A

180 million

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30
Q

Under population

A

Australia

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31
Q

Australia populations

A

Similar size than the Us but has a population of 20 million, us 300 million

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32
Q

Australia people live

A

90% in the top 10 biggest cities

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33
Q

Australia main agricultural products

A

Wheat, sugarcane, cattle, sheep

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34
Q

Australia people per km 2

A

3 people per km 2

World average 53

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35
Q

Australia climate

A

One of the driest places on earth
Many inhospitable environments
Pooginagoric has suffered from 90% crop loss

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36
Q

Australia cattle grazing

A

Cover 35% of the country

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37
Q

Australia problems

A

43% of the labour force is due to retire in the next 20 years
28.3% of the population is born overseas
Migration needed to fill workforce gaps
2011-2012: 29,018 migrants from India

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38
Q

Population decline

A

Russia

Specially in areas in the west such as Karelia

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39
Q

Russia fertility rate

A

1.7

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40
Q

Russia’s labour force

A

Expected to shrink by 15%

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41
Q

Abortions Russia

A

In 2001, 1.31 million children were born in Russia while 2.11 million were aborted

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42
Q

Increasing population

A

Niger

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43
Q

Niger contraception

A

12% of women used in 2010

A women living outside Zinder used to think it caused haemorrhages

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44
Q

Niger hunger

A

Only 12% of the land receives enough rainfall to maintain agriculture
10% of children under 5 suffer from accute malnutrition

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45
Q

Niger causes of increase

A

Polygamous men

Women try to prove their value by outgoing each other in the number of children

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46
Q

One child policy

A

China

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47
Q

One child policy creation

A

1979

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48
Q

Regulations one child policy

A

Men had to be over 22 and women over 20 to have a child

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49
Q

One child policy how has it reduced the world population

A

Reduced the worlds population by 250 million

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50
Q

One child policy changes

A

2013- single parents could have children

2015 - released two children

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51
Q

Social impact one child policy

Fm vs m

A

114 m for every 100 fm aged between 0-4
Normally 105m are born for every 100fm
Preference for males

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52
Q

Economic impacts of one child policy

A

10% of jobs could be infilled

China’s labour force aged 20-24 will be cut by 50% between 2010-2020

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53
Q

Environmental impacts of one child policy

A

Sulphur dioxide emissions- 17.6%

Prevented 137m-200m tonnes of CO2 from entering the atmosphere

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54
Q

Composite volcano

A

Montserrat

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55
Q

Location of Montserrat

A

Caribbean

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56
Q

Date of eruption

A

20th of July 1999

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57
Q

Social effects volcano deaths

A

23

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58
Q

Inhospitable bc of volcano

A

2/3 of the island

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59
Q

Displacement Montserrat

A

5000 had to live in temporary shelters

Temporary homes in St Johns

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60
Q

Unemployment Montserrat

A

From 7%-50%

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61
Q

Infrastructure destroyed Montserrat

A

Bramble airport

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62
Q

Montserrat responses

A

Little bay port was built to replace Playmouths facilities

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63
Q

Earthquake

A

Haiti

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64
Q

Magnitude of Earthquake

A

7.0

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65
Q

Haiti earthquake causes

A

Carrabbeam and North American plate slippage

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66
Q

Haiti affected, injured, made homeless

A

300,000 injured
3 million affected
1.3 million made homeless

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67
Q

GDP effect

A

Shrank by 5.1%

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68
Q

Buildings destroyed Haiti

A

60% of gov & administrative buildings.

Airport and port

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69
Q

Responses Haiti short term

A

Dominican Republic supplies it with emergency water and medical supplies
Red Cross temporary field hospitals
Iceland sent emergency rescue teams
Money pledged through mobile phones

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70
Q

Response Haiti long term

A

236 consultation teams were trained to build new building which have better fire protection
3/4 of damaged buildings were inspected and repaired.
200,000 people have received money or food for public work

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71
Q

Not desert

A

Thaar, India

72
Q

Hot dessert adaptations

A

Succulent plants
Spikes to protect water store
Small leaves
Waxy laver to prevent water loss

73
Q

Thaar dessert solutions

A

Earth dams to store water
Growing trees like the ber tree
1977 desert development programme
Arialreseeding

74
Q

Flooding

A

Bangladesh - the Ganges

75
Q

Tnc

A

Nike

76
Q

Nike headquarters

A

Oregon, USA

77
Q

Nike factories

A

700 factories
120 in China
73 in Thailand

78
Q

Nike workers

A

700,000 contract workers75% of the workforce is in Asia

79
Q

Nike materials

A

Cotton- India
Eva foam- China
Rubber - Thailand
Leather- China

80
Q

Boxing Day tsunami

A

26/12/04

81
Q

Causes of tsunami

A

Indio Australian plate sunpbducted unde the Eurasian plate

82
Q

Tsunami magnitude

A

9

83
Q

Tsunami waves

A

Travelled up to 800km/h

Waves at the coast had an altitude of 15m

84
Q

Tsunami impacts

Deaths/ homeless/ countries affected

A

250,000 died
2 million made homeless
13 countries affected- Maldives had to rebuild their industry

85
Q

Tsunami solutions

A

Warning system between countries surrounding the Indian Ocean were set up
Purification tablets
Temporary housing
Temporary field hospitals

86
Q

Industrial zone

A

Silicon Valley

87
Q

Location Silicon Valley

A

SAN Francisco

88
Q

Physical factors Silicon Valley

A

Mediterranean climate
301 days of sunshine per year
Attractive scenery
Near the the Pacific for recreational use or transport

89
Q

Silicon Valley human factors

A

Industrial agglomeration (Mozilla, google, yahoo)
Stanford university nearby
Close to major urban areas
SAN José international airport

90
Q

Inputs processes and outputs Silicon Valley

A

I- capital

  • intelligence
  • building

P- research / design/ assembling / development

O- profit

91
Q

Tourism

A

Marbella

92
Q

Marbella average temp July

A

24oC

93
Q

Sea water Marbella

A

24oC in August

94
Q

Marbella economic consequence

A

Summer 2018 generated 4.5 million

95
Q

Homes in Marbella

A

85% built by foreigners

96
Q

Eco tourism

A

Costa Rica

97
Q

Impacts of ecotourism on land

A

Million acres of land protected

Locals and private sector value the forest as it creates income

98
Q

GDP ecotourism

A

Contributes to 17% of the countries GDP

99
Q

Other impacts ecotourism

A

Since 1950 more money invested in potable water

Since 1970 80 new businesses have opened

100
Q

Impact on species ecotourism

A

40% of Monteverdes amphibians have become extinct

Plants and animals disrupted by dust created by 4 times for 4 cars in which tourists arrive

101
Q

Attractions Costa Rica human

A

Peaceful country with no army
Political stability Democratic
Near the us
Variety of accommodation ecolodges and 5 star hotels

102
Q

Physical attractions Costa Rica

A

Arenal volcano
Tortugero national park
10,000 different types of plants / 870 of birds
Surrounded by the Atlantic and Pacific

103
Q

Urbanisation/ mega city

A

Mumbai

104
Q

Push factors Mumbai

A

Green revolution adaptation of modern farming technologies means there are no jobs in the countryside
Children inherit their fathers land there is too little leading to malnutrition
Education and health is much lower

105
Q

Mumbai pull factors

A

Good schools and universities such as universidad de Mumbai
Decent hospital and dentist
It is more likely for house to have electricity and water
Financial capital of India many companies have their headquarters there
Better payed jobs

106
Q

Effects of urbanisation in Mumbai

A

High infant mortality 40 per thousand
Health problems due to pollution in shantytowns
Healthcare cannot meet demand
Cramped transport has led to 3500 deaths
Large amount of greenhouse gases are being released

107
Q

Causes of flooding in Bangladesh

A 
Melting snow from the Himalayas
Confluence of 3 large rivers
Rapid unplanned urbanisation in Dhaka 
70% of land 1m above sea level
Poorly managed embankments 
Soil erosion has reduced the rivers carrying capacity
108
Q

Impacts of flooding in Bangladesh

A

In 2007 1100 people were killed
Houses destroyed
2.2 million acres of land destroyed
0.5 million of cattle and poultry killed

109
Q

Flooding in Bangladesh responses

Short term

A

Water purification tablets
£21 million from the UK
Food aid from the gov
Free seeds given to farmers

110
Q

Flooding in Bangladesh

Long term responses

A

Radios to issue a warning
Flood warning systems
Reduced deforestation
Embankments built

111
Q

HIV/aids Botswana CAUSES

A

Lack of education about contraceptive and strict religious views on it
Women have little status and many are forced into having sex
Poverty means many people can’t afford antiretroviral drugs
No availability of medical treatment and testing people might be unaware that they are infected so the disease spreads quickly

112
Q

HIV/aids Botswana impacts

A 
Life expectancy fell to 35 years
Reduction in working population 
Children become orphans as their parents die
3200 AIDS related death 
44,000 people in Botswana live with HIV
113
Q

HIV/aids Botswana solution

A 
10,500 condom dispensers
Free condoms
Workplace counselling 
sage sex bill board ABC 
Absitance / Be faithful/ and if you have sex Condomise
114
Q

Ageing population

A

U.K

115
Q

Causes of ageing population

A

1/3 children born in 2012 expected to live 100
Falling birth rates
People living longer as they follow healthier lives

116
Q

Impact of ageing population

A

2 workers for everyone retired
Grey pound
Higher dependency ratio leading to higher taxes
Elderly suffering economic problems

117
Q

Solution to ageing population

A

Retirement age increased in 2020 it will be 66 and in 2056- 68.
People encouraged to save for their retirement

118
Q

Energy supply

A

Spain

119
Q

Spain energy supply

A

70% of its energy supply has to be imported

Oil,coal and gas are imported from Mexico, Norway, Algeria

120
Q

Spain energy from fossil fuels

A

72%

121
Q

Renewable energy in Spain

A

16%
Wind farms In Galicia
Solar panels in Andalusia
From 2014 2014 increased by 93%

122
Q

Nuclear energy in Spain

A

13%

Decreased by 10% from 2004 to 2014

123
Q

Internal migration

A

Brazil

124
Q

Brazil urbanisation

A

65% growth in urban areas

125
Q

Brazil pull factors

A

More services
better entertainment
prospects of a better job
Bright light syndrome

126
Q

Brazil push factors

A 
Jobs lost due to Mechanisation 
Lack of services
Low paid jobs
Droughts affect crop yields 
- Bahia
127
Q

Impact of internal migration in Brazil

A

Growth in fabellas - overcrowding -quick spread of diseases
Water pollution
High crime rates
stealing electricity
Growth of informal economy people not paying tax

128
Q

Green revolution what is it

A

It’s involves the use of high yielding varieties of grain

60s and 70s in places like India

129
Q

Causes of the green revolution

A

Population increase in poorer countries and it was not enough food being produced

130
Q

Green revolution what did it include

A

Artificial fertilisers
Tractors and other machinery used which are more efficient than animals
Growing crops such as wheat and rice which grow faster

131
Q

Impacts of the green revolution positive

A

Yield increased by 200%
To crops are grown in a year
No famine in India since it was introduced
Poor people have a more varied diet

132
Q

Green Revolution negative impact

A

Poorer farmers could not afford it
People lost jobs in forms due to machinery
Urban migration
Some HYV are unpopular as they lack taste
Farmers in debt due to money they have borrowed

133
Q

Water supply in Spain dam

A

Almendra dam

134
Q

Almendra dam

A

Salamanca
Cuts the course of the river Torres
Contain 2.5 billion cubic metres of water
O.5 km long
Built 1964-70
It supplies energy to the Villarino power station

135
Q

Water supply in Spain- desalination plant

A

Lanzarote V

136
Q

Lanzarote V

A

built where Lanzarote II used to be
Increase in the demand for water
It cost 7.9 million euros
Joins desalination facilities on the Inalsa complex in Punta los Vientos and in Yaiza

137
Q

Water supply in Spain water transfer

A

Tajo-segura

138
Q

Tajo segura

A

Construction caused 11,150 hectares of protected land to be destroyed
60% of the Tajos natural basin is being transferred
One of the largest Hydraulic engineering ever produced in Spain.
Channelled from the reservoirs of Entrepeñas and Buendia into the Talave reservoir on the Mundo river.

139
Q

Water lost by the u.k due to leakages

A

460 million litres of water is lost everyday in the U.K due to old pipe networks. Many companies are trying to solve thus issue to reduce waste.

140
Q

Wells

A

Uganda

141
Q

Forced migration Syria to the u.k

Push factors

A

4.25 million have been made homeless

Any death from random bumping against civilians by the Syrian Regine

142
Q

Forced migration Syria to UK

Pull factors

A

Free health care through the NHS
They feel protected as a UK promote human rights
They’re better standard of living
Cultural ties some of them might already have families and friends living in the UK

143
Q

Impact of f forced migration Syria to the UK

A

Conflict with locals
fear of Islam and theft
integration issues
lack of accommodation

144
Q

International migration Poland to the UK

Push factors

A

Hi unemployment 18.2%
Minimum wage in Poland less than half that that of the UK
Up to 40% in some role areas of unemployment

145
Q

International migration Poland to the UK

Pull factors

A

UK jobs available in low skilled areas such as construction
Better health care and education
Desire to learn English
Free health care for the NHS

146
Q

International migration Poland to the UK Polish environment in the UK

A

10 Polish churches in London

Areas such as Cheshire are full of polish people

147
Q

Advantages for Poland of migration to UK

A

Unemployment reduced
People gain skills English. Making them more employable in Poland
Money sent back to Poland 4 billion every year
Wages increased by 10.5%
Less pressure on resources
Decrease in pollution levels
12% decrease in water demand

148
Q

Disadvantages poland of migration to UK

A

Brain drain
Divorce rates have doubled since 2012
82% of the migrants are aged 18 to 34 there is a loss of the young population
Less workers paying tax leads to slower development
A qualified nurse will earn more in the UK doing agricultural work then nursing in Poland

149
Q

Advantages for the UK of migration from Poland

A

Unemployment decreases as Polish fill work gaps
Polish bring many new skills increasing the quality of the UK work
More diverse culture

Add to the academy more than they take
Younger and economic li more active than average UK
2.5 million contributed to the English economy in 2011

Cultural crops could be laying dead if not

150
Q

International migration project to UK disadvantages for UK

A 
Higher demand for housing causes prices to rise
An increase in labour supply causes wages to decrease 
Money is sent back to Poland 
Over population 
pressure on public transport 
religious and cultural conflict
 losing an English feel 
locals lose their job to migrants
 increase in air and traffic pollution 
increase in global emissions
151
Q

Rice farming

A

Dambulla, Sri Lanka

152
Q

Background information about rice farming

A

Cultivated during two moonsoon seasons

Uses 708,000 hectares of land

153
Q

Inputs of rice farming

A 
Rich clay/loam soils
precipitation (1000mm)
Sun /temperature (28°C)
Labour done by oxen 
Flat land (near the river Mahaweli)
No machinery
154
Q

Processes of rice farming

A

Planting

Harvesting activities include cutting, stacking, handling, threshing, cleaning, and hauling

155
Q

location suffering from economic development

A

Tuvalu

156
Q

Background info Tuvalu

A

11,000 people living in nine islands
Located south of the equator in the Pacific Ocean
Second smallest nation
It has no industry and burns less carbon pollution than a small town in America

157
Q

Causes of problems

A

Global warming because of increased greenhouse gases has led to an increase in temperature in oceans therefore thermal expansion of water has taken place and land has melted which has caused sea level rise

158
Q

Problems in Tuvalu

A

Extreme weather events
Risk of being the next nation that will have to be abandoned due to global warming as the land is very low the highest being 4.6 m above sea level

159
Q

A country or region suffering from food shortages

Threats to the natural environment including soil erosion and desertification

A

Ethiopia Wadla

160
Q

Causes of food shortages physical

A

Unreliable rainfall
Drought
Frost is common and it can damage the crops
Lack of land the average amount of land free household is 1.1 hectares

161
Q

Economic factors causing food shortages

A

Lack of jobs and small business opportunities over 95% of the people depend on subsistence farming
Most farmers are unable to afford inputs such as irrigation so instead they use dung rather than manure
Lack of infrastructure few roads in Wadla no electricity, public transport, telephone or postal services, make it difficult to import food

162
Q

Demographic factors causing food shortages

A

Overcrowding leading to overgrazing for up to 40 sheep to graze on 0.1 hectares of land resulting in Wadla having little vegetation and severe erosion occurring
Over exploitation of oil and timber are leading to deforestation and land degradation

163
Q

Political factors causing food shortages

A

Unfair trade rules Ethiopian government purchase crops from farmers at low fixed prices so farmers do not receive a lot of money and can’t buy food
Growing cash crops: International organisations encourage ethiopia to produce cash crops to export reducing the land available for growing crops
wars conflicts in Ethiopia in the early 1990s 60% of the national budget was spent on war reducing the money available to improve agriculture or provide relief for hungry people

164
Q

Effects of food shortages

A

Famine from 1983 to 1985 was the worst famine to hit the country is the lead to more than 400,000 deaths
There is a lower quality of life and population migration
Increase price of food

165
Q

Management of food shortages

A

Food aid can be given action aid has been working on the following
- improving agricultural methods over 500 farmers have been trained in the production of new vegetables which are easier to grow in that climate
- improving land quality over 1000 people have been trained in environmental rehabilitation and conservation techniques
Financial management setting up credit groups so farmers can get loans to invest in agricultural equipment
Income generation over 100 people have been trained in skills such as carpentry pottery and weaving helping them to generate income and be able to buy food

The use of GM crops which are a drug resistant and an increase in the use of fertilisers and pesticides

166
Q

Hazards including coastal erosion & management

A

Pacifica San Francisco

167
Q

Problems in Pacifica

A

January 2010 two apartments in a block on the edge of the cliff where evacuated due to Cliff Falls

By the end of April a 3 m section had been undermined so people living in the last four apartments had been forced to abandon their homes because the building was unsafe

By the end of December 2010 more of the cliff had fallen during storms the cliff had been eroded by almost 7 m in just a year. A third of the apartment building was hanging over the ocean

168
Q

Management in Pacifica

A

Attempts have been made to slow down the erosion of the cliff
Large boulders had been placed at the base to try to break energy of the waves
Engineers tried to strengthen the cliff by reinforcing and surfacing it

It is being considered the idea of putting a very large seawall to deflect The incoming waves however it is very expensive

169
Q

Mangroves

A

Cayman Island

Originally 36% was occupied by mangrove

170
Q

Opportunities mangroves

A

Low-lying island always relied on the protection of mangroves from coastal flooding

During the hurricane Ivan in 2004 75% of the homes were severely damaged but the impact would have been much worse without the protection of the mangrove

Roots help to stabilise the coast against erosion

171
Q

Problems mangrove areas

A

Tourism puts pressure to develop tourist resorts and mangroves are removed

In 2010 83 hectares were removed

172
Q

Coral reef

A

Great barrier reef Australia

173
Q

Opportunities coral reefs

A

It contributes to 25% of the total fish catch in LED seas providing food for 1 billion people in Asia alone

They attract tourists

174
Q

Problems coral reefs

A

Threatened by global warming

Overfishing disrupts food chains and food webs

Tourists destroy them when they walk or dive on them

175
Q

Management of coral reef

A

The Australian government has made the great barrier reef a protected area by declaring it a Marine Park

Tourists are educated about how their trip affects their reef and they’re not allowed in certain sensitive areas

The GBRMPA looks after the reef protect it while allowing sustainable development to take place

The Marine Park authority gives out permits of fishing diving and has boats patrolling the area to prevent illegal activity
Fines of up to US$1 million can be forced on companies that pollute the fragile environment

176
Q

Effects of rice farming

A

Rice provides 45% total calorie and 40% total protein requirement of an average Sri Lankan.

About 1.8 million farm families are engaged in paddy cultivation island-wide.

177
Q

Effects Tuvalu

A

Waves reach neighbourhoods and roads
Homes near the ocean are flooded
They faced increasingly strong storms and cyclones
Decreasing fish patch

Geography igcse (2 decks)

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