Case Studies Flashcards
River citarum pollution causes
10 million people live along the river and produce up to 10 tonnes of rubbish every day
Industrial area near River Citrum
Bandung
Citrum effects of rubbish on marine life
60% of fish died
Citarum river disease
Skin rachis
Diahrea
Water pollution Citrum river
Water very acidic pH 5.5
Water yellow/red/black
Drinking water contaminated
Mercury and lead in the water
Species river citarum
Dead goats found in the river
Disastrous as Indonesia holds w0% of the world species
Management river Citrum
Waste water legislation, 2009
Locals block up factories
Un pressure the gov
Protests in the last 10 years
Soil erosion
Ethiopia
Ethiopia problem
Leading to famine
400,000 deaths due to soil erosion which means many farmers can’t farm
Desertification
Spain
Spain problems
1/5 of the land is at risk of turning into dessert
31.5% of the land is already affected
forest fires in Galicia
Location affected by Global warming
Bangladesh
Bangladesh problems
Low land Dhaka temp +2°C Extreme temperatures Droughts in dry seasons Increasing salinity
Air atmospheric pollution
Madrid
Madrid problems
Nitrogen dioxide - traffic
Sierra Norte very contaminated
Gran via restricted to public transport
Noise pollution
Mumbai
Mumbai
Noisiest city in the World
Awaaz foundation works for noise-pollution laws
Noise can reach 86dB
Visual pollution
Mumbai
Mumbai 👀
Overcrowding
Electrical communication cables hang above roads
Expensive housing in Madrid
2017- first 6 months prices went up by 7.7%
Houses built in the outskirts las tablas and las Rozas
Madrid extra travels time
105 hours per year
Madrid increasing population
1.4% per year
MDrid people per sq I’m in Madrid
5400 people per sq km
Visitors Madrid
5.74 million per year
Settlement hierarchy
79.4% of Spain’s population live in cities
Over population
Nigeria
Nigeria problems
Food shortages in Yola
Kano normal for 50 people to share living spaces
Lagos recorded over 58,000 cases of theft in 2016
2/3 of Lagos population live in slums
Port Harcourt since 2016 a cloud of dust covers the city
Nigeria population increase rate
2.7%
Nigeria population
180 million
Under population
Australia
Australia populations
Similar size than the Us but has a population of 20 million, us 300 million
Australia people live
90% in the top 10 biggest cities
Australia main agricultural products
Wheat, sugarcane, cattle, sheep
Australia people per km 2
3 people per km 2
World average 53
Australia climate
One of the driest places on earth
Many inhospitable environments
Pooginagoric has suffered from 90% crop loss
Australia cattle grazing
Cover 35% of the country
Australia problems
43% of the labour force is due to retire in the next 20 years
28.3% of the population is born overseas
Migration needed to fill workforce gaps
2011-2012: 29,018 migrants from India
Population decline
Russia
Specially in areas in the west such as Karelia
Russia fertility rate
1.7
Russia’s labour force
Expected to shrink by 15%
Abortions Russia
In 2001, 1.31 million children were born in Russia while 2.11 million were aborted
Increasing population
Niger
Niger contraception
12% of women used in 2010
A women living outside Zinder used to think it caused haemorrhages
Niger hunger
Only 12% of the land receives enough rainfall to maintain agriculture
10% of children under 5 suffer from accute malnutrition
Niger causes of increase
Polygamous men
Women try to prove their value by outgoing each other in the number of children
One child policy
China
One child policy creation
1979
Regulations one child policy
Men had to be over 22 and women over 20 to have a child
One child policy how has it reduced the world population
Reduced the worlds population by 250 million
One child policy changes
2013- single parents could have children
2015 - released two children
Social impact one child policy
Fm vs m
114 m for every 100 fm aged between 0-4
Normally 105m are born for every 100fm
Preference for males
Economic impacts of one child policy
10% of jobs could be infilled
China’s labour force aged 20-24 will be cut by 50% between 2010-2020
Environmental impacts of one child policy
Sulphur dioxide emissions- 17.6%
Prevented 137m-200m tonnes of CO2 from entering the atmosphere
Composite volcano
Montserrat
Location of Montserrat
Caribbean
Date of eruption
20th of July 1999
Social effects volcano deaths
23
Inhospitable bc of volcano
2/3 of the island
Displacement Montserrat
5000 had to live in temporary shelters
Temporary homes in St Johns
Unemployment Montserrat
From 7%-50%
Infrastructure destroyed Montserrat
Bramble airport
Montserrat responses
Little bay port was built to replace Playmouths facilities
Earthquake
Haiti
Magnitude of Earthquake
7.0
Haiti earthquake causes
Carrabbeam and North American plate slippage
Haiti affected, injured, made homeless
300,000 injured
3 million affected
1.3 million made homeless
GDP effect
Shrank by 5.1%
Buildings destroyed Haiti
60% of gov & administrative buildings.
Airport and port
Responses Haiti short term
Dominican Republic supplies it with emergency water and medical supplies
Red Cross temporary field hospitals
Iceland sent emergency rescue teams
Money pledged through mobile phones
Response Haiti long term
236 consultation teams were trained to build new building which have better fire protection
3/4 of damaged buildings were inspected and repaired.
200,000 people have received money or food for public work
Not desert
Thaar, India
Hot dessert adaptations
Succulent plants
Spikes to protect water store
Small leaves
Waxy laver to prevent water loss
Thaar dessert solutions
Earth dams to store water
Growing trees like the ber tree
1977 desert development programme
Arialreseeding
Flooding
Bangladesh - the Ganges
Tnc
Nike
Nike headquarters
Oregon, USA
Nike factories
700 factories
120 in China
73 in Thailand
Nike workers
700,000 contract workers75% of the workforce is in Asia
Nike materials
Cotton- India
Eva foam- China
Rubber - Thailand
Leather- China
Boxing Day tsunami
26/12/04
Causes of tsunami
Indio Australian plate sunpbducted unde the Eurasian plate
Tsunami magnitude
9
Tsunami waves
Travelled up to 800km/h
Waves at the coast had an altitude of 15m
Tsunami impacts
Deaths/ homeless/ countries affected
250,000 died
2 million made homeless
13 countries affected- Maldives had to rebuild their industry
Tsunami solutions
Warning system between countries surrounding the Indian Ocean were set up
Purification tablets
Temporary housing
Temporary field hospitals
Industrial zone
Silicon Valley
Location Silicon Valley
SAN Francisco
Physical factors Silicon Valley
Mediterranean climate
301 days of sunshine per year
Attractive scenery
Near the the Pacific for recreational use or transport
Silicon Valley human factors
Industrial agglomeration (Mozilla, google, yahoo)
Stanford university nearby
Close to major urban areas
SAN José international airport
Inputs processes and outputs Silicon Valley
I- capital
- intelligence
- building
P- research / design/ assembling / development
O- profit
Tourism
Marbella
Marbella average temp July
24oC
Sea water Marbella
24oC in August
Marbella economic consequence
Summer 2018 generated 4.5 million
Homes in Marbella
85% built by foreigners
Eco tourism
Costa Rica
Impacts of ecotourism on land
Million acres of land protected
Locals and private sector value the forest as it creates income
GDP ecotourism
Contributes to 17% of the countries GDP
Other impacts ecotourism
Since 1950 more money invested in potable water
Since 1970 80 new businesses have opened
Impact on species ecotourism
40% of Monteverdes amphibians have become extinct
Plants and animals disrupted by dust created by 4 times for 4 cars in which tourists arrive
Attractions Costa Rica human
Peaceful country with no army
Political stability Democratic
Near the us
Variety of accommodation ecolodges and 5 star hotels
Physical attractions Costa Rica
Arenal volcano
Tortugero national park
10,000 different types of plants / 870 of birds
Surrounded by the Atlantic and Pacific
Urbanisation/ mega city
Mumbai
Push factors Mumbai
Green revolution adaptation of modern farming technologies means there are no jobs in the countryside
Children inherit their fathers land there is too little leading to malnutrition
Education and health is much lower
Mumbai pull factors
Good schools and universities such as universidad de Mumbai
Decent hospital and dentist
It is more likely for house to have electricity and water
Financial capital of India many companies have their headquarters there
Better payed jobs
Effects of urbanisation in Mumbai
High infant mortality 40 per thousand
Health problems due to pollution in shantytowns
Healthcare cannot meet demand
Cramped transport has led to 3500 deaths
Large amount of greenhouse gases are being released
Causes of flooding in Bangladesh
Melting snow from the Himalayas Confluence of 3 large rivers Rapid unplanned urbanisation in Dhaka 70% of land 1m above sea level Poorly managed embankments Soil erosion has reduced the rivers carrying capacity
Impacts of flooding in Bangladesh
In 2007 1100 people were killed
Houses destroyed
2.2 million acres of land destroyed
0.5 million of cattle and poultry killed
Flooding in Bangladesh responses
Short term
Water purification tablets
£21 million from the UK
Food aid from the gov
Free seeds given to farmers
Flooding in Bangladesh
Long term responses
Radios to issue a warning
Flood warning systems
Reduced deforestation
Embankments built
HIV/aids Botswana CAUSES
Lack of education about contraceptive and strict religious views on it
Women have little status and many are forced into having sex
Poverty means many people can’t afford antiretroviral drugs
No availability of medical treatment and testing people might be unaware that they are infected so the disease spreads quickly
HIV/aids Botswana impacts
Life expectancy fell to 35 years Reduction in working population Children become orphans as their parents die 3200 AIDS related death 44,000 people in Botswana live with HIV
HIV/aids Botswana solution
10,500 condom dispensers Free condoms Workplace counselling sage sex bill board ABC Absitance / Be faithful/ and if you have sex Condomise
Ageing population
U.K
Causes of ageing population
1/3 children born in 2012 expected to live 100
Falling birth rates
People living longer as they follow healthier lives
Impact of ageing population
2 workers for everyone retired
Grey pound
Higher dependency ratio leading to higher taxes
Elderly suffering economic problems
Solution to ageing population
Retirement age increased in 2020 it will be 66 and in 2056- 68.
People encouraged to save for their retirement
Energy supply
Spain
Spain energy supply
70% of its energy supply has to be imported
Oil,coal and gas are imported from Mexico, Norway, Algeria
Spain energy from fossil fuels
72%
Renewable energy in Spain
16%
Wind farms In Galicia
Solar panels in Andalusia
From 2014 2014 increased by 93%
Nuclear energy in Spain
13%
Decreased by 10% from 2004 to 2014
Internal migration
Brazil
Brazil urbanisation
65% growth in urban areas
Brazil pull factors
More services
better entertainment
prospects of a better job
Bright light syndrome
Brazil push factors
Jobs lost due to Mechanisation Lack of services Low paid jobs Droughts affect crop yields - Bahia
Impact of internal migration in Brazil
Growth in fabellas - overcrowding -quick spread of diseases
Water pollution
High crime rates
stealing electricity
Growth of informal economy people not paying tax
Green revolution what is it
It’s involves the use of high yielding varieties of grain
60s and 70s in places like India
Causes of the green revolution
Population increase in poorer countries and it was not enough food being produced
Green revolution what did it include
Artificial fertilisers
Tractors and other machinery used which are more efficient than animals
Growing crops such as wheat and rice which grow faster
Impacts of the green revolution positive
Yield increased by 200%
To crops are grown in a year
No famine in India since it was introduced
Poor people have a more varied diet
Green Revolution negative impact
Poorer farmers could not afford it
People lost jobs in forms due to machinery
Urban migration
Some HYV are unpopular as they lack taste
Farmers in debt due to money they have borrowed
Water supply in Spain dam
Almendra dam
Almendra dam
Salamanca
Cuts the course of the river Torres
Contain 2.5 billion cubic metres of water
O.5 km long
Built 1964-70
It supplies energy to the Villarino power station
Water supply in Spain- desalination plant
Lanzarote V
Lanzarote V
built where Lanzarote II used to be
Increase in the demand for water
It cost 7.9 million euros
Joins desalination facilities on the Inalsa complex in Punta los Vientos and in Yaiza
Water supply in Spain water transfer
Tajo-segura
Tajo segura
Construction caused 11,150 hectares of protected land to be destroyed
60% of the Tajos natural basin is being transferred
One of the largest Hydraulic engineering ever produced in Spain.
Channelled from the reservoirs of Entrepeñas and Buendia into the Talave reservoir on the Mundo river.
Water lost by the u.k due to leakages
460 million litres of water is lost everyday in the U.K due to old pipe networks. Many companies are trying to solve thus issue to reduce waste.
Wells
Uganda
Forced migration Syria to the u.k
Push factors
4.25 million have been made homeless
Any death from random bumping against civilians by the Syrian Regine
Forced migration Syria to UK
Pull factors
Free health care through the NHS
They feel protected as a UK promote human rights
They’re better standard of living
Cultural ties some of them might already have families and friends living in the UK
Impact of f forced migration Syria to the UK
Conflict with locals
fear of Islam and theft
integration issues
lack of accommodation
International migration Poland to the UK
Push factors
Hi unemployment 18.2%
Minimum wage in Poland less than half that that of the UK
Up to 40% in some role areas of unemployment
International migration Poland to the UK
Pull factors
UK jobs available in low skilled areas such as construction
Better health care and education
Desire to learn English
Free health care for the NHS
International migration Poland to the UK Polish environment in the UK
10 Polish churches in London
Areas such as Cheshire are full of polish people
Advantages for Poland of migration to UK
Unemployment reduced
People gain skills English. Making them more employable in Poland
Money sent back to Poland 4 billion every year
Wages increased by 10.5%
Less pressure on resources
Decrease in pollution levels
12% decrease in water demand
Disadvantages poland of migration to UK
Brain drain
Divorce rates have doubled since 2012
82% of the migrants are aged 18 to 34 there is a loss of the young population
Less workers paying tax leads to slower development
A qualified nurse will earn more in the UK doing agricultural work then nursing in Poland
Advantages for the UK of migration from Poland
Unemployment decreases as Polish fill work gaps
Polish bring many new skills increasing the quality of the UK work
More diverse culture
Add to the academy more than they take
Younger and economic li more active than average UK
2.5 million contributed to the English economy in 2011
Cultural crops could be laying dead if not
International migration project to UK disadvantages for UK
Higher demand for housing causes prices to rise An increase in labour supply causes wages to decrease Money is sent back to Poland Over population pressure on public transport religious and cultural conflict losing an English feel locals lose their job to migrants increase in air and traffic pollution increase in global emissions
Rice farming
Dambulla, Sri Lanka
Background information about rice farming
Cultivated during two moonsoon seasons
Uses 708,000 hectares of land
Inputs of rice farming
Rich clay/loam soils precipitation (1000mm) Sun /temperature (28°C) Labour done by oxen Flat land (near the river Mahaweli) No machinery
Processes of rice farming
Planting
Harvesting activities include cutting, stacking, handling, threshing, cleaning, and hauling
location suffering from economic development
Tuvalu
Background info Tuvalu
11,000 people living in nine islands
Located south of the equator in the Pacific Ocean
Second smallest nation
It has no industry and burns less carbon pollution than a small town in America
Causes of problems
Global warming because of increased greenhouse gases has led to an increase in temperature in oceans therefore thermal expansion of water has taken place and land has melted which has caused sea level rise
Problems in Tuvalu
Extreme weather events
Risk of being the next nation that will have to be abandoned due to global warming as the land is very low the highest being 4.6 m above sea level
A country or region suffering from food shortages
Threats to the natural environment including soil erosion and desertification
Ethiopia Wadla
Causes of food shortages physical
Unreliable rainfall
Drought
Frost is common and it can damage the crops
Lack of land the average amount of land free household is 1.1 hectares
Economic factors causing food shortages
Lack of jobs and small business opportunities over 95% of the people depend on subsistence farming
Most farmers are unable to afford inputs such as irrigation so instead they use dung rather than manure
Lack of infrastructure few roads in Wadla no electricity, public transport, telephone or postal services, make it difficult to import food
Demographic factors causing food shortages
Overcrowding leading to overgrazing for up to 40 sheep to graze on 0.1 hectares of land resulting in Wadla having little vegetation and severe erosion occurring
Over exploitation of oil and timber are leading to deforestation and land degradation
Political factors causing food shortages
Unfair trade rules Ethiopian government purchase crops from farmers at low fixed prices so farmers do not receive a lot of money and can’t buy food
Growing cash crops: International organisations encourage ethiopia to produce cash crops to export reducing the land available for growing crops
wars conflicts in Ethiopia in the early 1990s 60% of the national budget was spent on war reducing the money available to improve agriculture or provide relief for hungry people
Effects of food shortages
Famine from 1983 to 1985 was the worst famine to hit the country is the lead to more than 400,000 deaths
There is a lower quality of life and population migration
Increase price of food
Management of food shortages
Food aid can be given action aid has been working on the following
- improving agricultural methods over 500 farmers have been trained in the production of new vegetables which are easier to grow in that climate
- improving land quality over 1000 people have been trained in environmental rehabilitation and conservation techniques
Financial management setting up credit groups so farmers can get loans to invest in agricultural equipment
Income generation over 100 people have been trained in skills such as carpentry pottery and weaving helping them to generate income and be able to buy food
The use of GM crops which are a drug resistant and an increase in the use of fertilisers and pesticides
Hazards including coastal erosion & management
Pacifica San Francisco
Problems in Pacifica
January 2010 two apartments in a block on the edge of the cliff where evacuated due to Cliff Falls
By the end of April a 3 m section had been undermined so people living in the last four apartments had been forced to abandon their homes because the building was unsafe
By the end of December 2010 more of the cliff had fallen during storms the cliff had been eroded by almost 7 m in just a year. A third of the apartment building was hanging over the ocean
Management in Pacifica
Attempts have been made to slow down the erosion of the cliff
Large boulders had been placed at the base to try to break energy of the waves
Engineers tried to strengthen the cliff by reinforcing and surfacing it
It is being considered the idea of putting a very large seawall to deflect The incoming waves however it is very expensive
Mangroves
Cayman Island
Originally 36% was occupied by mangrove
Opportunities mangroves
Low-lying island always relied on the protection of mangroves from coastal flooding
During the hurricane Ivan in 2004 75% of the homes were severely damaged but the impact would have been much worse without the protection of the mangrove
Roots help to stabilise the coast against erosion
Problems mangrove areas
Tourism puts pressure to develop tourist resorts and mangroves are removed
In 2010 83 hectares were removed
Coral reef
Great barrier reef Australia
Opportunities coral reefs
It contributes to 25% of the total fish catch in LED seas providing food for 1 billion people in Asia alone
They attract tourists
Problems coral reefs
Threatened by global warming
Overfishing disrupts food chains and food webs
Tourists destroy them when they walk or dive on them
Management of coral reef
The Australian government has made the great barrier reef a protected area by declaring it a Marine Park
Tourists are educated about how their trip affects their reef and they’re not allowed in certain sensitive areas
The GBRMPA looks after the reef protect it while allowing sustainable development to take place
The Marine Park authority gives out permits of fishing diving and has boats patrolling the area to prevent illegal activity
Fines of up to US$1 million can be forced on companies that pollute the fragile environment
Effects of rice farming
Rice provides 45% total calorie and 40% total protein requirement of an average Sri Lankan.
About 1.8 million farm families are engaged in paddy cultivation island-wide.
Effects Tuvalu
Waves reach neighbourhoods and roads
Homes near the ocean are flooded
They faced increasingly strong storms and cyclones
Decreasing fish patch
