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Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Tensile Stress

A

The force exerted per cross-sectional area

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2
Q

Tensile Strain

A

Extension over original length (ratio)

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3
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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4
Q

Ionisation

A

The removal (or addition) of electrons from (to) an atom or molecule.

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5
Q

acceleration

A

change of velocity per unit time

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6
Q

amplitude

A

The maximum displacement from equilibrium of an oscillating wave

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7
Q

angular displacement

A

the angle an object in circular motion turns through

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8
Q

angular speed

A

the rate of change of angular displacement of an object in a circular motion

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9
Q

annihilation

A

when a particle and its antiparticle meet, they destroy each other become radiation

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10
Q

antinode

A

A fixed point in a stationary wave pattern where the amplitude is a maximum

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11
Q

baryon

A

a hadron consisting of three quarks

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12
Q

brittle

A

snaps without stretching or bending when subject to stress

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13
Q

centre of mass

A

the point at which a single force on the body has no turning effect

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14
Q

centripetal force

A

the resultant force on an object that moves along a circular path

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15
Q

coherent

A

Same frequency, constant phase difference

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16
Q

conservation of momentum

A

for a system in equilibrium, the momentum before = momentum after

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17
Q

couple

A

pair of equal and opposite forces acting on a body but not in the same line

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18
Q

damped oscillations

A

oscillations that reduce the amplitude due to resistive forces such as friction and drag

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19
Q

de-excitation

A

Process in which an atom loses energy by photoemission as a result of an electron inside an atom moving from an outer to an inner shell.

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20
Q

Diffraction

A

Spreading of waves when they pass through a gap

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21
Q

ductile

A

stretches without breaking

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22
Q

elastic collision

A

a collision in which kinetic energy is conserved

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23
Q

elastic limit

A

the point at which an object is permanently stretched

24
Q

EMF

A

the potential difference across the terminals of the cell when no current is flowing

25
energy
the capacity to do work
26
excitation
process in which an atom absorbs energy without becoming ionized as a result of an electron inside an atom moving from an inner shell to an outer shell
27
excited state
an atom that is not in its ground state
28
forced vibration
vibrations of a system subject to an external periodic force
29
free vibrations
when the amplitude of the wave is constant because it is not affected by damping or a periodic force
30
frequency
number of oscillations per second
31
ground state
the lowest energy level of an atom
32
hadron
particle and antiparticles that can interact through strong interactions
33
inertia
the resistance of an object to change of its motion
34
interference
formation of points of cancellation and reinforcement where two coherent waves pass through each other.
35
leptons
electrons, muons, neutrinos that act through weak interaction
36
longitudinal waves
waves that act parallel to the direction of waves (vibrations e.g sound waves)
37
moment of a force
force x perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the point
38
node
the fixed point on a stationary wave pattern where the amplitude is zero
39
pair production
when a gamma photon changes into a particle and an antiparticle
40
photoelectric effect
emission of electrons from a metal surface when the surface is illuminated by a light of frequency greater than a minimum value known as the threshold frequency.
41
plastic deformation
deformation of a solid beyond its elastic limit
42
multipath dispersion
the lengthening of a light pulse as it travels along an optical fibre due to rays that undergo less total internal reflection
43
refraction
change in direction of a wave when it crosses a boundary where its speed changes
44
Shm
acceleration is proportional to the displacement of an object but in the opposite direction
45
specific charge
charge to mass ratio
46
superposition
the effect of two waves adding together when they meet
47
threshold frequency
minimum frequency of light that can cause photoemission
48
uts
ultimate tensile strength is the stress needed to break a solid material
49
continuous spectrum
a continuous range of colour -> white light diffraction E.g caused by a filament bulb, the hotter the the light source, the shorter the wavelength of the brightest of the brightest part of the spectrum.
50
emission spectrum
characteristic coloured verticals lines (mostly black) caused when gas in a vapour tube emits certain frequencies.
51
absorption spectrum
dark vertical lines against a continuous range of colours, each lines corresponding to a certain wavelength. When light passes through gas and certain wavelengths are absorbed.
52
pulse broadening
???
53
emission spectra
radio wave -> microwave -> infrared -> visible light -> ultra violet -> xrays -> gamma rays
54
yield point
the point at which stress in a wire suddenly drops when the wire is subjected to increasing strain
55
young modulus
tensile stress/strain ratio
56
what is a progressive wave?
A wave that transfers energy from one point to another | without transferring material
57
resonance
when the frequency of applied force (driving force) = natural frequency. Vibrations of large amplitude produced, maximum energy transfer occurs.

Physics (6 decks)

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