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Physics > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

Tensile Stress

A

The force exerted per cross-sectional area

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2
Q

Tensile Strain

A

Extension over original length (ratio)

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3
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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4
Q

Ionisation

A

The removal (or addition) of electrons from (to) an atom or molecule.

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5
Q

acceleration

A

change of velocity per unit time

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6
Q

amplitude

A

The maximum displacement from equilibrium of an oscillating wave

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7
Q

angular displacement

A

the angle an object in circular motion turns through

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8
Q

angular speed

A

the rate of change of angular displacement of an object in a circular motion

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9
Q

annihilation

A

when a particle and its antiparticle meet, they destroy each other become radiation

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10
Q

antinode

A

A fixed point in a stationary wave pattern where the amplitude is a maximum

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11
Q

baryon

A

a hadron consisting of three quarks

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12
Q

brittle

A

snaps without stretching or bending when subject to stress

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13
Q

centre of mass

A

the point at which a single force on the body has no turning effect

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14
Q

centripetal force

A

the resultant force on an object that moves along a circular path

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15
Q

coherent

A

Same frequency, constant phase difference

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16
Q

conservation of momentum

A

for a system in equilibrium, the momentum before = momentum after

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17
Q

couple

A

pair of equal and opposite forces acting on a body but not in the same line

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18
Q

damped oscillations

A

oscillations that reduce the amplitude due to resistive forces such as friction and drag

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19
Q

de-excitation

A

Process in which an atom loses energy by photoemission as a result of an electron inside an atom moving from an outer to an inner shell.

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20
Q

Diffraction

A

Spreading of waves when they pass through a gap

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21
Q

ductile

A

stretches without breaking

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22
Q

elastic collision

A

a collision in which kinetic energy is conserved

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23
Q

elastic limit

A

the point at which an object is permanently stretched

24
Q

EMF

A

the potential difference across the terminals of the cell when no current is flowing

25
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

26
Q

excitation

A

process in which an atom absorbs energy without becoming ionized as a result of an electron inside an atom moving from an inner shell to an outer shell

27
Q

excited state

A

an atom that is not in its ground state

28
Q

forced vibration

A

vibrations of a system subject to an external periodic force

29
Q

free vibrations

A

when the amplitude of the wave is constant because it is not affected by damping or a periodic force

30
Q

frequency

A

number of oscillations per second

31
Q

ground state

A

the lowest energy level of an atom

32
Q

hadron

A

particle and antiparticles that can interact through strong interactions

33
Q

inertia

A

the resistance of an object to change of its motion

34
Q

interference

A

formation of points of cancellation and reinforcement where two coherent waves pass through each other.

35
Q

leptons

A

electrons, muons, neutrinos that act through weak interaction

36
Q

longitudinal waves

A

waves that act parallel to the direction of waves (vibrations e.g sound waves)

37
Q

moment of a force

A

force x perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the point

38
Q

node

A

the fixed point on a stationary wave pattern where the amplitude is zero

39
Q

pair production

A

when a gamma photon changes into a particle and an antiparticle

40
Q

photoelectric effect

A

emission of electrons from a metal surface when the surface is illuminated by a light of frequency greater than a minimum value known as the threshold frequency.

41
Q

plastic deformation

A

deformation of a solid beyond its elastic limit

42
Q

multipath dispersion

A

the lengthening of a light pulse as it travels along an optical fibre due to rays that undergo less total internal reflection

43
Q

refraction

A

change in direction of a wave when it crosses a boundary where its speed changes

44
Q

Shm

A

acceleration is proportional to the displacement of an object but in the opposite direction

45
Q

specific charge

A

charge to mass ratio

46
Q

superposition

A

the effect of two waves adding together when they meet

47
Q

threshold frequency

A

minimum frequency of light that can cause photoemission

48
Q

uts

A

ultimate tensile strength is the stress needed to break a solid material

49
Q

continuous spectrum

A

a continuous range of colour -> white light diffraction
E.g caused by a filament bulb, the hotter the the light source, the shorter the wavelength of the brightest of the brightest part of the spectrum.

50
Q

emission spectrum

A

characteristic coloured verticals lines (mostly black) caused when gas in a vapour tube emits certain frequencies.

51
Q

absorption spectrum

A

dark vertical lines against a continuous range of colours, each lines corresponding to a certain wavelength. When light passes through gas and certain wavelengths are absorbed.

52
Q

pulse broadening

A

???

53
Q

emission spectra

A

radio wave -> microwave -> infrared -> visible light -> ultra violet -> xrays -> gamma rays

54
Q

yield point

A

the point at which stress in a wire suddenly drops when the wire is subjected to increasing strain

55
Q

young modulus

A

tensile stress/strain ratio

56
Q

what is a progressive wave?

A

A wave that transfers energy from one point to another

without transferring material

57
Q

resonance

A

when the frequency of applied force (driving force) = natural frequency. Vibrations of large amplitude produced, maximum energy transfer occurs.

Physics (6 decks)

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