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Principles of Genetics > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is genetics?

A

The study of genes and inheritance

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2
Q

What is a genome?

A

All the chromosomes and DNA sequences in an organism

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3
Q

What is heredity?

A

Biological similarities between parent and offspring based on genetic information

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4
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The specific set of genetic information inherited by an organism

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5
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The expressed characteristics based on the genetic information

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6
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

The changes in the genotype that changes the phenotype

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7
Q

What is transformation?

A

The uptake of foreign DNA from the environment into a cell

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8
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

A virus made up of a protein coat and DNA. They inject their DNA into a bacterial cell and turn it into a virus factory

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9
Q

What are prototrophs?

A

Strains with functional pathways and can grow on minimal media

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10
Q

What are auxotrophs?

A

Strains that are mutated in a pathway and are unable to grow on minimal media

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11
Q

What is a gene?

A

A unit of heredity that is transcribed into RNA

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12
Q

What are non-coding sequences?

A

Promotor regions, untranslated regions, terminator sequences, regulatory sequences, stuff that isn’t encoding an amino acid in a protein

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13
Q

What is the promotor region?

A

Signals beginning of transcription

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14
Q

What is the terminator region?

A

Signals the end of transcription

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15
Q

What are regulatory sequences?

A

A sequence that is recognized by regulatory proteins that turn transcription on or off

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16
Q

What is the start codon for translation?

A

ATG in DNA and AUG in RNA. Is a methionine

17
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of DNA being copied into a strand of mRNA

18
Q

What is translation?

A

The process of RNA being turned into a polypeptide chain of amino acids by ribosomes

19
Q

What are introns?

A

Sequences in a gene that aren’t translated and are removed by splicing

20
Q

What are the 3 stop codons for translation?

A

UAA, UAG, or UGA

21
Q

What is the reading frame?

A

How the translation mechanism groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons

22
Q

How do we know that the reading frame is non-overlapping?

A

A mutation in a single nucleotide only affects one amino acid

23
Q

What determines the reading frame?

A

The position of the start codon

Principles of Genetics (20 decks)

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