Definitions Flashcards
Fixator
One muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another part moves
Concentric
Muscle shortens to produce tension
Eccentric
Muscle lengthens to produce tension
Isometric
Muscle contacts but does not change length
DOMS (delayed onset of muscle soreness)
Pain and stiffness in muscles, which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise
Pulmonary circuit
Circulation of blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and pulmonary veins back to the heart
Systemic circuit
Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart
Ligament
Connects one to bone
Joint
An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create movement
Synovial Fluid
Reduces friction
Articular cartilage
Absorbs shock
Joint capsule
Strengthens joint secreting synovial Fluid
Bursa
Reduces friction between tendons and bones
Myogenic
The capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscles to contract
Bradycardia
A resting heart rate below 60bpm
Sub maximal
Low to moderate intensity exercise within a performers aerobic capacity
Venous return
Return of the blood to the right atria through the veins
Frank starling mechanism
Increased venous return leads to increased SV, due to an increased stretch of the ventricular walls and therefore force of contraction
Maximal
A high intensity of exercise above a performers aerobic capacity that will induce fatigue
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR
Parasympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR
Vascular shunt mechanism
The redistribution Of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases the percentage of blood flow to the skeletal muscles
Breathing rate
No. Of inspirations and expiration’s per minute
Tidal volume
Volume of air inspired and expired per breath
Minute ventilation
Volume of air inspired and expired per minute
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
Graph showing relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and percentage saturation of haemoglobin
Bohr shift
A move in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream
Intermittent exercise
Activity where the intensity alternates
Myoglobin
A protein molecule that helps with the transport of oxygen
VO2 max
Maximum volume of oxygen inspired, transported and utilised per minute during exhaustive exercise
EPOC
The volume of oxygen consumed post exercise to return the body to pre exercise state
Altitude
The Height above sea level
Barometric pressure
Pressure exerted by the earths atmosphere at any given point
Acclimatisation
Process of gradual adaptation to a change in environment
Cardiovascular drift
During prolonged exercise in the heat a rise in core body temp can cause cardiovascular drift: an upward drift in heart rate associated with a rise in body temp
Energy expenditure
The sum of basal metabolic rate and Thermic effect of food and the energy expended through physical activity
Basal metabolic rate
Minimum amount of energy required to sustain essential physiological function at rest
Thermic effect of food
The energy required to eat digest absorb and use food taken in
Energy intake
Total amount of energy from food and drink consumed
Macro cycle
Long term training plan (1 year)
Meso cycle
Mid term training plan (6 weeks)
Micro cycle
Short term training cycle ( 1 week)
Tapering
Maintaining the intensity but decreasing the volume of training by one third to prepare for competition
Aerobic capacity
The ability of the body to inspire, transport l, and utilise oxygen to perform sustained periods of aerobic capacity
Static strength
Forced is applied against a resistance without movement occurring
Dynamic strength
Force is applied against a resistance with movement occurring
Maximum strength
The ability to produce a maximal amount of force in an single muscular contraction
Explosive strength
The ability to produce a maximal amount of force in one or a series of rapid contractions
Strength endurance
The ability to sustain repeated muscular contractions overtime
Muscle hyperplasia
Increased number of muscle fibres
Static flexibility
Range of motion about a joint without reference to speed of movement
Dynamic flexibility
Range of motion about a joint with reference to speed of movement
Maintenance stretching
Warm up, maintain current ROM
Development stretching
Designed to improve ROM at a joint
Static active stretching
A performer moves the joint into its fully stretched position without any assistance
Static passive stretching
A performer moves the joint just beyond its point of resistance with assistance and holds for 10-30 seconds
HDL cholesterol
Actively remove cholesterol from aterial walls and transport to the liver
LDL cholesterol
Deposit cholesterol in the arterial walls
Acute injury
A sudden injury associated with a traumatic event
Dislocation
The displacement of one bone from another out of their original position
Subluxation
An incomplete or partial dislocation
Haematoma
Internal bleeding
Sprain
Overstretch in the ligament that connects bone to bone
Strain
Overstretch in the muscle or tendon that connects muscle to bone
Abrasion
Damage to skin caused by scraping
Chronic injury
A slowly developed injury associated with overuse
Stress fracture
Tiny crack in the surface of a bone caused by overuse
Tendinosis
The deterioration of a tendon in response to chronic overuse and repetitive strain
SALTAPS
Protocol for assessment of sporting injury
Stop Ask Look Touch Active Passive Strength testing
PRICE
Protocol for treatment of acute injuries Protect Rest Ice Compress Elevate
Six R’s
Protocol for recognition of concussion
Recognise Remove Refer Rest Recover Return
Friction
The force that opposes the motion of two surface in contact
Centre of mass
The point at which an object or a body is balanced in all directions; the point at which the weight appears to act
Mechanical advantage
Second class lever systems where the effort arm is greater then the load arm. Large load can be moved by small effort
Mechanical disadvantage
Third class lever systems where load arm is greater then effort arm. Large effort is required to move a small load
Linear motion
Results from a direct force been applied to a body, movement of a body in a straight or curved line, where all parts move the same distance in the same direction over the same time
Angular motion
Movement of a body in a circular path about an axis of rotation
Eccentric force
A force applied outside the centre of mass, resulting in angular motion
Moment of inertia
Resistance of a body to change its state of angular motion or rotation
Angular velocity
The rate of change in Angular displacement or rate of rotation
Angular momentum
The quantity of angular motion possessed by a body
Conservation of angular momentum
Angular momentum is a conserved quantity which remains constant unless an external eccentric force is applied
Angular analogue of Newton’s first law of motion
A rotating body will continue to turn about an axis or rotation with constant angular momentum unless acted upon by an eccentric force
Newton’s first law - law of inertia
A body continues In a state or uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external force
2nd law - law of acceleration
A body’s rate of change of momentum is proportional to the side of the force applied and acts in the same direction
3rd law - law of reaction
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Drag
The force that opposes direction of motion through water
Magnus force
A force created from a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body through moving air
