Cards Flashcards
Movement at Sagittal
Flexion extensjon Doris flexion plantar flexion
Movement at frontal
Addiction abduction
Movement at transverse plane
Horizontal extension + flexion
Rotation
3 types of joint
Hinge condyloid( wrist) ball and socket
Shoulder articulating bones + joint type
Humerus and scapula
Ball and socket
Agonist muscles for flexion extension adduction abduction horizontal flexion and horizontal extension
F - anterior deltoid E- posterior deltoid
AD- latimuss Dorsi abd- mid deltoid
HF- pectoralis major HE- posterior deltoid
Elbow articulating bones
Humerus radius ulna
Wrist articulating bones joint type clexion and extension
Radius ulna carpals
Condyloid joint
Flexion - wrist flexors
E- wrist extensors
Hip joint type articulating bones, flexion and extension ab and adduction and medial and lateral
Pelvic girdle and femur
Ball and socket
Illiopsoas - F
Gluteus maximus - E
Adduction - adductor longus abducfion - gluteus medius
Medial - gluteus medius lateral - gluteus maximus
Knee articulating bones and agonist muscle
Femur and tibia
F- bicep femoris
E- rectus femoris
Ankle articulating bones + Doris and plantar flexion
Tibia fibula talus
DF- tibialis anterior
PF- soleus
What’s a motor unit
Motor neurone + muscle fibre
What does SO HAVE
High - capillary, mitochondria, myoglobin
What does FOG have
High PC, large neurones, Many fibres per neurone
WHAT DOES FG HAVE
High pc large neurone
Why is SV ABLE TO INCREASE
Due to increase venous return
And the frank starling mechanism
What’s SV LIKE IN RECOVERY
Maintained during early stages of recovery, as HR rapidly reduces
This will maintain blood flow and removal of waste products
What’s CO like in recovery
Rapid decrease followed by a slower decrease In resting levels
What is the CCC CONTRLLED BY
Autonomic nervous system
What do proprio Baro and chemo receptors all do
Proprio- detects movement
Baro- detects change in blood pressure
Chemo- detects change in ph
What two intrinsic control things are there
Temp- affect blood viscosity and speed of nerve transmission
Venous return - will effect stretch in venjtridke walls and force of contraction and SV
Venous return mechanisms
Muscle pump Respiratory pump Smooth muscle Pocket valves Gravity
What happens to vascular shunt mechanism in rest
Arterioles organs vasodilate - increase blood flow
Arterioles to muscles constrict
Pre capillary sphincters - vasodilate allow more blood to organ cells
Vasoconstrict Of capillary beds of muscle
Vascular shunt mechanism in exercise
Arterioles to organs vasoconstrict - decrease blood flow
Arterioles to muscles dilate
Pre capillary sphincters - vasoconstrict allow less blood to organ cells
Vasodilate Of capillary beds of muscle
VCC WHERE IS IT? What does it respond to
Medulla oblongata
Chemoreceptors- chemical changes such as co2 and lactic acid
Baroreceptors - pressure changes onnarterial walls
What’s external and internal respiration
External - lungs -> blood
Internal - blood -> muscle tissue
How is o2 transported
97% hemo
3% blood plasma
How is co2 transported
70 - water
7- blood plasma
23 - hemo
What two centres are in RCC
Inspiratory centre - stimulate muscles to contractcdurimf rest and exercise
Expiartiry centre - inactive at rest - simfulate muscle contraction in exercise
Describe gaseous exchange at rest in external respiration
O2 high pp in alveoli -> low pp in blood
Co2 high pp in blood -> low pp in alveoli
Describe gaseous exchange at rest in internal respiration
O2 high pp in blood -> low pp muscle cell
Co2 high pp muscle cell -> low pp blood
What are effects of Bohr shift
Increase in blood and muscle temp
Increase pp of co2
Increase production of lactic acid
Process of ATP PC
Pc-> p+c By creatine kinase Adp+p-> atp
POS and neg of atp pc
\+ no delay for o2 \+ pc readily available \+ simple breakdown * provides energy wuickly \+ no fatiguing by products
- low atp yield
- small pc Stores lead to rapid fatigue
Describe glycolyticsystem
Glycogen -> glucose by gpp. Glucose -> pyruvic acid by PFK
Pyruvic acid -> lactic acid by ldh
2 moles of atp
POS and neg oh glyolytic
+ no delay for o2
Large fuel stores
Provides energy for up to 3 mins
Lactic acid can be recycled for further energy production
- fatiguing by product
Low atp yield
POS and neg of aerobic system
+ 38 moles of atp high yield
Large fuel stores
No fatiguing by products
- delay for o2
Slow energy production
What is the energy continuum
Relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production depending on intensity and duration of activity
How fast is pc repelndished
50% in 30 secs
100% in 3 mins
What factors can effect energy continuum
Position of player
Tactics and strats used
Level of comp
Structure of game
How long is fast alactacid component. What happens
Up to 3 mins
Pc restored
Replenishment of blood and muscle oxygen
Slow lactacid component
3 mins -24 hours
Elevated ventilation and circulation
Elevated body temp
Removal of lactic acid
What are the implications of recovery on traninng
Warm up - reduce oxygen deficit
Active recovery - maintains hr and repirsrjory rate - remove lactic acid
Cooling aids
Intensity of training
Work relief ratios
Strats and tatifs
Nurtrition
What happens when exercise at high altitude
Poor rate of o2 diffusion
So
Blood volume decrease
Sv decreases, so hr increase
Q, Sv, hr, all increase in max intense exercise
How long does it take to accimatise
3-5 - low
1-2 weeks - mid
2+ weeks - high
4+ weeks - extreme
How does acclimitasion benefit cv and respiratory system
Increase rbc production
Breathingbrate and ventilation stabilise
Sv and co reduce as o2 extraction more efficient
Less sickness
What is hyperthermia caused by
High and prolonged exercise intensities
High air temps
High relative humidity
Effects of of heat on cv system
Dilation Of arterioles - increase blood flow and blood pooling in. Limbs
Decrease blood volume, Veous return, Sv, co, and bp- so hr increase
Effects of heat on R system
Dehydration- difficult to breath
Increased breathing frequency -
More pollutants in air - more irritation in airwave
State a pre post and during comp strategy to maximise performance in heat
Pre - cooling aids
During - suitable clothing
After - rehydrate, cooling aids
How much stuff in diet
Carbs -55
Protein - 15
Fat - 30
Anabolic steroids job- pos and neg
+ increase muscle mass and strength
+ increase intensity and duration of training
- acne
- mood swings
Epo pos and neg
+Increase rbc count
+ increase o2 transport
- blood clots
- increase blood Viscosity
HGH - pos and neg
+Increase muscle mass and strength
+ increase intensity and duration of performance
- abnormal bone development
- enlargement of vital organs
Blood doping - pos and neg
+Increase rbc count
+ increase o2 transport
- blood clots
- increase blood Viscosity
IHT pos and neg
Increase rbc
Increased intensity and duration of performance
- dehydrated
- decrease immune function
Cooling aids pos and neg
Reduce core body temp
Decreased injury pain and swelling
- ice burns
- chest pain
Carb loading
Increase endurance capacity
Delays fatigue
- increase risk of injury
- lethargic
Pre event meal.
Tops up liver
Maintains blood glucose levels
- may become dizzy
Post even meal
Promoters faster recovery rate of glycogen
- not always practical
Creatine
Increase pc stores
Increase intensity and duration of training
- increase weight gain
Increase water retention
Caffeine
Increased nervous stimulation
Increase concentration
- insomnia
- gastrointestinal problems
Biocarbonate
Increased buffering capacity
Increased intensity and duration of performance
- unpleasant taste
Gastrointestinal problems
Nitrates
Decreased bp
Increased blood flow
Delays fatigue
- headaches
- long term effects unclear
Training programme should have :
Evaluation test
Warm up
Cool down
Principles of training
Specificity Progression Overload Variance Moderation Reversibility
What are the sums of training programmes
Reach pychological peak at correct time
Avoiding injury
Structure training to give achievable goals
Factors affecting vo2 max
Physiological makeup
Age
Gender
Training
Evaluation for aerobic capacity
Direct gas analysis
Cooper run
Aerobic capacity adaptations for R and CV system
R:
Respiratory muscles become stronger- increase o2 in blood
Increased surface area of alveoli - increased gaseous exchange
Delayed OBLA
Reduced onset of fatigue
Cv: cardiac hypertropgy
Increase number of rbc
Increased blood plasma volume
Increase so muscle fibre
Decrease bp
Increased blood flow and o2 to muscles
Aerobic capacity musculoskeletal adaptations
So muscle fibre hypertrophy Increased size and density of mitochondria Increased myoglobin stores Decrease risk of osteoporosis Increased joint stability
Factors affecting strength
Cross sectional area of muscle
Fibre type
Gender
Age
Evaluation for strength
One rep max - max strength
Grip strength dynamometer
Abdominal curl test
Vertical jump test
Adaptations for strength
Muscle hypertrophy
Muscle hyperplasia
Increase strength of tendons and ligaments
Increased bone density
- increase muscle mass
Size and strength
Intensity
Factors affecting flexibility
Type of joint
Length and elasticity of surrounding connective tissue
Gender
Age
Evaluation for flexibility
Goniometry
Sit and reach test
Flexibilityadaptarions
Increased rom about w joint
Decreae risk of injury
Increase elasticity
Increase posture
Effects of training
Increase respiratory muscle strength
Decrease resting and sub maximal HR
increase air flow
Increased sa of alveoli
Signs of dislocation and fracture
Swelling
Discolouration
Deformity
What are warm ups used for
Raise body temp
Prepare body physiologically
Prepare body pychlogicslly
Minimise risk of injury
What are cool downs for
Maintain HR
Aiding removal of lactic acid
Aid healing process
Vertical forces
Weight
Reaction
Horizontal forces
Friction
Air resistance
What can a force do
Create motion
Accelerate a body
Decelerate a body
Change directiknof w body
Change shape of W body
Factors affecting friction
Roughness of ground surface
Roughness of contact surface
Temp
Size of normal reaction
Factors affecting air resistance
Velocity
Shape
Frontal cross sectional area
Smoothness Of surface
Factors affecting stability
Mass of body
Height of COM
SIZE OF BASE SUPPORT
LINE OF GRAVITY
What is a fulcrum effort load
F- joint
E- muscular force
L- Weight
What are axis of rotation
Longitudinal - top to bottom
Transverse - side to side
Frontal - front to back
Factors affecting MOI
mass - greater mass greater moi
Distribution of mass from axis of rotation - further mass moves from axis of rotation, the greater MOI
What effect does moi have on angular velocity
If moi is high, resistance to rotation is high, therefore angular velocity is low and rate of spin is low
If moi is low, resistance to rotation is low, therefore angular velocity is high and rate of spin is fast
Factors affecting distance travelled by a projectile
Speed, angle and height or release
Describe Bernoulli principle
Creation of lift force
As velocity increase pressure decreases, creating a pressure gradient so either lifts up or pushes down
Bernoulli principle of f1 car
Spoilers are inverted aerofoil
Air velocity underneath car is increased
Pressure gradient formed, downward force
So get grip and friction
Why is spin useful
Gives stability in flight
Shorten or length flight
Can confuse
