Definitions

Question 1

Afterload

Answer 1

the tension developed by the heart during contraction; it is an important determinant of myocardial energy consumption, as it represents the resistance against which the ventricle must pump and indicates how much effort the ventricles must put forth to force blood into the systemic circulation.

Question 2

Aminophylline

Answer 2

a mixture of theophylline and ethylenediamine, acting as a respiratory stimulant, smooth muscle relaxant, myocardial stimulant, and diuretic. It is used as a bronchodilator and also as an antidote to dipyridamole toxicity. Administration may be oral, intramuscular, intravenous, or rectal. If intravenous administration is too rapid it can cause circulatory collapse. Intramuscular administration should be done with caution because aminophylline is very irritating to the tissues. Oral administration must also be cautious because there could be gastric or urinary irritation.

Question 3

Anatomical dead space

Answer 3

the portions of the respiratory tract that are ventilated but not perfused by pulmonary circulation; the airways of the mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

Question 4

Aneurysm

Answer 4

Blood-filled sac in an artery wall caused by dilation or weakening of the wall

Question 5

Angioplasty

Answer 5

Angioplasty is a term describing a procedure used to widen vessels narrowed by stenoses or occlusions. There are various types of these procedures and their names are associated with the type of vessel entry and equipment used. For example, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) describes entry through the skin (percutaneous) and navigates to the area of the vessel of interest through the same vessel or one that communicates with it (transluminal). In the case of a procedure involving the coronary arteries, the point of entry could be the femoral artery in the groin and the catheter/guidewire system is passed through the aorta to the heart and the origin of the coronary arteries at the base of the aorta just outside the aortic valve.

Question 6

Angiotensin

Answer 6

A potent vasoconstrictor activated by renin; also triggers release of aldosterone

Question 7

Anticholinergic

Answer 7

Inhibiting or blocking the physiological action of acetylcholine at a receptor site

Question 8

Appendectomy/Appendicectomy

Answer 8

Appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix. The appendix is a worm-shaped hollow pouch attached to the cecum, the beginning of the large intestine.

Question 9

Atenolol

Answer 9

a cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent used in the treatment of hypertension and chronic angina pectoris and the prevention and treatment of myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias; administered orally or intravenously.

Question 10

Atopic

Answer 10

Of, relating to, or caused by a hereditary predisposition to developing allergic reactions, such as hay fever, asthma, or urticaria, after exposure to specific antigens such as pollen, food, and insect venoms.

Question 11

Beclomethasone

Answer 11

a synthetic glucocorticoid administered, as the dipropionate salt, by inhalation for the chronic treatment of bronchial asthma and intranasally for seasonal and nonseasonal allergic rhinitis or other allergic or inflammatory nasal conditions, and to prevent recurrence of nasal polyps after surgical removal; also used topically for relief of inflammation and pruritus in certain dermatoses.

Question 12

Beta blocker

Answer 12

Beta-adrenergic blocking agent Pharmacology Any of a class of agents that blocks β1 and/or β2 adrenergic receptors in the nervous system Effect ↓ Heart rate, ↓ BP, ↓ anxiety Indications Angina, arrhythmias, HTN, mitral valve prolapse, tachycardia, etc

Question 13

Beta-2-agonist/beta-2 sympathomimetic

Answer 13

A medication that stimulates bronchodilation. Examples include albuterol, salmeterol, terbutaline,

Question 14

Blood pressure – normal range

Answer 14

Adults- less than 120 mm Hg for the systolic pressure and less than 80 mm Hg for the diastolic pressure.
Children-Vary depending on the age, sex and height of the child. In general, normal blood pressure is higher for males and increases with increasing age and height, but the normal numbers must be determined by looking at a chart

Question 15

Bradycardia

Answer 15

slowness of the heartbeat, so that the pulse rate is less than 60 per minute. This can occur in normal persons, particularly during sleep; trained athletes also usually have slow pulse and heart rates.

Question 16

Bronchoscopy

Answer 16

Bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a cylindrical fiberoptic scope is inserted into the airways. This scope contains a viewing device that allows the visual examination of the lower airways. There are two types of bronchoscopes, a rigid tube and a fiberoptic tube. Because of its flexibility, the fiberoptic tube is usually preferred. However, if the purpose of the procedure is to remove a foreign body caught in the windpipe or lungs of a child, the more rigid tube must be used because of its larger size.

Question 17

Cholecystectomy

Answer 17

A cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. The two basic types of this procedure are open cholecystectomy and the laparoscopic approach. It is estimated that the laparoscopic procedure is currently used for approximately 80% of cases.

Question 18

Collateral ventilation

Answer 18

the ventilation of alveoli in the lungs through indirect pathways, such as Kohn’s pores in alveolar septa or anastomosing bronchioles.

Question 19

Colostomy

Answer 19

Colostomy refers to a surgical procedure where a portion of the large intestine is brought through the abdominal wall to carry stool out of the body.

Question 20

Crackle

Answer 20

Fine
Medium
coarse

Question 21

Cyanosis

Answer 21

Cyanosis is a physical sign causing bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. Cyanosis is caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. Cyanosis is associated with cold temperatures, heart failure, lung diseases, and smothering. It is seen in infants at birth as a result of heart defects, respiratory distress syndrome, or lung and breathing problems.

Question 22

Cystectomy

Answer 22

Cystectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the bladder.

Question 23

Cystoscopy

Answer 23

Cystoscopy (cystourethroscopy) is a diagnostic procedure that is used to look at the bladder (lower urinary tract), collect urine samples, and examine the prostate gland. Performed with an optic instrument known as a cystoscope (urethroscope), this instrument uses a lighted tip for guidance to aid in diagnosing urinary tract disease and prostate disease. Performed by a urologist, this surgical test also enables biopsies to be taken or small stones to be removed by way of a hollow channel in the cystoscope.

Question 24

Diuretic

Answer 24

An agent that increases the amount of urine excreted

Question 25

Dyspnoea

Answer 25

Shortness of breath, a subjective difficulty or distress in breathing, usually associated with disease of the heart or lungs; occurs normally during intense physical exertion or at high altitude.

Question 26

Epidural

Answer 26

An epidural injection administered in the epidural space of the vertebral column

Question 27

Equal pressure point

Answer 27

During forced exhalation, the point at an airway where the pressure inside the airway equals the intrapleural pressure. When the pleural pressure is greater than the pressure inside the airway, it tends to cause bronchiolar collapse.

Question 28

Exercise induced bronchoconstriction

Answer 28

A condition in which intense physical exertion results in acute airway narrowing in individuals with airway hyperreactivity.

Question 29

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 29

the additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration

Question 30

FEV1/FVC x100 (FEV1%)

Answer 30

A healthy patient expires approximately 80% of all the air out of his lungs in the first second during the FVC maneuver. A patient with an obstruction of the upper airways has a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio. A FEV1% that is too high is suggestive for a restriction of the pulmonary volume.

Question 31

Forced expiration technique

Answer 31

A type of cough that facilitates clearance of bronchial secretions while reducing the risk of bronchiolar collapse. One or two expirations are forced from average to low lung volume with an open glottis. A period of diaphragmatic breathing and relaxation follows.

Question 32

Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)

Answer 32

Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) measurement shows the amount of air a person can forcefully exhale in one second of the FVC test.

Question 33

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

Answer 33

the maximal volume of gas that can be exhaled from full inhalation by exhaling as forcefully and rapidly as possible

Question 34

Functional residual capacity

Answer 34

the amount of gas remaining at the end of normal quiet respiration.

Question 35

Gastrectomy

Answer 35

Gastrectomy the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach.

Question 36

Gastroscopy

Answer 36

inspection of the interior of the stomach with a gastroscope.

Question 37

Haemoglobin – normal range

Answer 37

Males- 13.5-17.5 g/dL | Females- 12.5-15.5 g/dL

Question 38

Haemothorax

Answer 38

Blood in the normally potential space between the outer covering of the lung (visceral PLEURA) and the inner lining of the chest wall (parietal pleura). Haemothorax is the result of injury or disease. Unless the blood is removed and the bleeding stopped, adhesions tend to occur between the two layers, causing restriction in the free movement of the lung.

Question 39

Haemothorax

Answer 39

Blood in the normally potential space between the outer covering of the lung (visceral PLEURA) and the inner lining of the chest wall (parietal pleura). Haemothorax is the result of injury or disease. Unless the blood is removed and the bleeding stopped, adhesions tend to occur between the two layers, causing restriction in the free movement of the lung.

Question 40

Hemicolectomy

Answer 40

Hemicolectomy Removal of the right or left side of the colon.

Question 41

Hydrocortisone

Answer 41

the pharmaceutical term for cortisol, the principal glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal gland; the base and its salts are used in replacement therapy for adrenocortical insufficiency and as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant agents in the treatment of a wide variety of disorders.

Question 42

Hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 42

.

Question 43

Hypercapnia

Answer 43

An abnormally high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, usually caused by acute respiratory failure from conditions such as asthma and obstructive pulmonary disease. It can lead to seizures and death if acute and untreated.

Question 44

Hyperinflation

Answer 44

Overdistention of airways and alveoli, sometimes leading to emphysema, caused by obstructive lung disease; occurs reversibly with asthma, and can occur locally with aspiration of a foreign body with a subsequent ball-valve phenomenon.

Question 45

Hyperventilation

Answer 45

abnormally fast and deep breathing, the result of either an emotional state or a physiological condition.

Question 46

Hypoventilation

Answer 46

a state in which there is a reduced amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli (decreased alveolar ventilation), which causes an increase in arterial carbon dioxide level.

Question 47

Hypoxaemia

Answer 47

Deficiency of oxygen in the blood. This is usually due to relative failure of the passage of oxygen from the atmosphere to the blood because of lung disease, or inadequate or inappropriate movement of blood through the lungs because of heart disease, either congenital or acquired. Hypoxaemia often causes CYANOSIS.

Question 48

Hypoxia

Answer 48

diminished availability of oxygen to the body tissues; its causes are many and varied and includes a deficiency of oxygen in the atmosphere, as in altitude sickness; pulmonary disorders that interfere with adequate ventilation of the lungs; anemia or circulatory deficiencies, leading to inadequate transport and delivery of oxygen to the tissues; and finally, edema or other abnormal conditions of the tissues themselves that impair the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between capillaries and tissues.

Question 49

Ileostomy

Answer 49

an artificial opening (stoma) created in the ileum and brought to the surface of the abdomen for the purpose of evacuating feces. This may be done in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, crohn's disease, congenital defects of the bowel, cancer, trauma, and other conditions requiring bypass of the colon.

Question 50

Ileostomy

Answer 50

an artificial opening (stoma) created in the ileum and brought to the surface of the abdomen for the purpose of evacuating feces. This may be done in the treatment of ulcerative colitis, crohn's disease, congenital defects of the bowel, cancer, trauma, and other conditions requiring bypass of the colon.

Question 51

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 51

volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level

Question 52

Intra-aortic balloon pump

Answer 52

a mechanical aid to the circulatory function of the heart that acts to provide internal counterpulsation. The basic components of the device are a catheter tipped with a balloon and a pump machine that inflates the balloon with either helium or carbon dioxide. The balloon is inserted via a femoral artery cutdown and guided under fluoroscopic control to a position in the descending thoracic aorta just distal to the left subclavian artery. In some models, the balloon is tri-segmented. When inflation begins in a tri-segmented balloon, the middle segment is inflated first, then the distal ends inflate simultaneously; there is no occlusion of the aorta.

Question 53

Laparoscopy

Answer 53

Laparoscopy is a type of surgical procedure in which a small incision is made, usually in the navel, through which a viewing tube (laparoscope) is inserted. The viewing tube has a small camera on the eyepiece. This allows the doctor to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs on a video monitor connected to the tube. Other small incisions can be made to insert instruments to perform procedures. Laparoscopy can be done to diagnose conditions or to perform certain types of operations. It is less invasive than regular open abdominal surgery (laparotomy).

Question 54

Laparotomy

Answer 54

incision through the abdominal wall.

Question 55

Lobectomy

Answer 55

surgical excision of a lobe, as of the lung, brain, liver, or thyroid.

Question 56

Lower thoracic expansion

Answer 56

In chest physiotherapy, any technique or exercise that tries to increase inspiratory force and volume.

Question 57

Minute volume

Answer 57

The amount of any gas or fluid moved in 1 minute (e.g., cardiac output or the respiratory minute volume).

Question 58

Nephrectomy

Answer 58

Nephrectomy is the surgical procedure of removing a kidney or section of a kidney.

Question 59

Oxygen saturation (SaOz)

Answer 59

oxygen saturation the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in the blood, expressed as a percentage of the maximal binding capacity.

Question 60

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in arterial blood – normal range

Answer 60

mmHg: 38 to 42 mm Hg kPa: 5.1 to 5.6 kPa

Question 61

Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood – normal range

Answer 61

mmHg: 75 to 100 mm Hg kPa: 10.5 to 13.5 kPa

Question 62

Patient controlled analgesia (PCA)

Answer 62

PCA is a method by which the patient controls the amount of pain medicine (analgesia) they receive. There are a number of different PCA systems. In the classic PCA system, the patient receives a preset dose of morphine by pressing a button on a computerized pump that is connected to an IV catheter. With PCA the patient may receive a small continuous flow of morphine and add more morphine as needed to provide a more constant level of comfort. Studies have shown that patients using PCA often use less morphine than do patients who are not on PCA

Question 63

Peak expiratory flow rate

Answer 63

Maximum expiratory flow, peak flow The greatest rate of airflow that can be obtained during forced exhalation, which follows a diurnal pattern of fluctuation and can be used clinically to evaluate airway tone; PEF is ↓–and airway tone ↑ in various forms of asthma; it can be plotted during the day and used to investigate occupational asthma and detect exacerbation before the onset of Sx.

Question 64

Percussion

Answer 64

the rhythmic clapping of cupped hands over various segments of the lungs to mobilize secretions

Question 65

Percussion note

Answer 65

Percussion note Resonant- Hyper-resonant- Dull- Stony dull-

Question 66

pH – normal range

Answer 66

7.35-7.45 As the pH decreases it implies acidosis, while if the pH increases it implies alkalosis

Question 67

Physiological dead space

Answer 67

In the respiratory tract, any nonfunctional alveoli that do not receive air that participates in gas exchange. Possible causes include emphysema, pneumothorax, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and constriction of bronchioles.

Question 68

Pleural rub

Answer 68

a friction rub caused by friction between the visceral and costal pleurae.

Question 69

Pneumonectomy

Answer 69

excision of lung tissue, of an entire lung (total pneumonectomy) or less (partial pneumonectomy), or of a single lobe (lobectomy).

Question 70

Pneumothorax

Answer 70

Pneumothorax is a collection of air or gas in the chest or pleural space that causes part or all of a lung to collapse.

Question 71

Prednisolone

Answer 71

a synthetic glucocorticoid used in the form of the base or the acetate, sodium phosphate, or tebutate ester in replacement therapy for adrenocortical insufficiency, as an antiinflammatory agent, and as an immunosuppressant.

Question 72

Preload

Answer 72

Preload is the filling pressure of the heart at the end of diastole. The left atrial pressure (LAP) at the end of diastole will determine the preload. The greater the preload, the greater will be the volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole.

Question 73

Preventer

Answer 73

A preventer inhaler prevents inflammation and sensitivity in your airways over time.

Question 74

Reliever

Answer 74

Reliever inhalers are used to widen the airways and reduce asthma symptoms in the short term.

Question 75

Renin

Answer 75

An enzyme released by the kidneys that cleaves a plasma protein to produce an inactive form of angiotensin which is then converted to an active form that raises blood pressure.

Question 76

Residual volume

Answer 76

Air remaining in the lungs after the most complete expiration possible; it is elevated in diffuse obstructive emphysema and during an attack of asthma. Also known as residual air

Question 77

Shaking

Answer 77

A vibratory technique used in chest physical therapy to facilitate pulmonary drainage.

Question 78

Shunt

Answer 78

A vascular passage by which blood is diverted from its normal circulatory path; frequently it is a surgical passage created between two blood vessels, but it may also be an anatomical feature.

Question 79

Standard base excess – normal range

Answer 79

Standard base excess – normal range base excess is dose of acid or alkali to return in vitro blood to normal pH (7.40) under standard conditions ( at 37C at a PCO2 of 40 mm Hg) Normal Base excess is between -3 and +3mEq/L.

Question 80

Standard bicarbonate – normal range

Answer 80

23 to 30 mEq/L in adults

Question 81

Stoma

Answer 81

a slitlike opening in the epidermis of aboveground organs of plants. The stoma is bordered by two guard cells, which are usually bean-shaped. The walls of the guard cells that face the stoma are thick, while the opposite walls are thin. The stoma leads to a large intercellular space, the substomatal cavity. The stoma is often surrounded by two or more cells that differ in shape from ordinary epidermal cells.

Question 82

Suffix – oscopy

Answer 82

viewing of, normally with a scope

Question 83

Suffix – ostomy

Answer 83

surgically creating a hole (a new "mouth" or "stoma")

Question 84

Suffix – otomy

Answer 84

means cutting into a part of the body

Question 85

Suffix –ectomy

Answer 85

meaning the removal of a part of the body.

Question 86

Systemic vascular resistance

Answer 86

the resistance the left ventricle must overcome to pump blood through the systemic circulation. As peripheral blood vessels constrict, the SVR increases.

Question 87

Tachycardia

Answer 87

abnormally rapid heart rate, usually taken to be over 100 beats per minute.

Question 88

Tachypnoea

Answer 88

Rapid breathing (i.e., 20 breaths/min).

Question 89

Temperature- normal range

Answer 89

37 degrees

Question 90

Tidal volume

Answer 90

The lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. In a healthy, young human adult, tidal volume is approximately 500 mL per inspiration or 7 mL/kg of body mass

Question 91

Total lung capacity

Answer 91

the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.

Question 92

tracheostomy

Answer 92

Surgical construction of an opening in the trachea for the insertion of a catheter or tube to facilitate breathing.

Question 93

Ventilation: perfusion ratio (V/Q ratio)

Answer 93

A ratio used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables: V - ventilation - the air that reaches the alveoli. Q - perfusion -the blood that reaches the alveoli via the capillaries.

Question 94

Vibrations

Answer 94

a technique of chest physical therapy whereby pressure and a shaking movement of the hand are applied to various segments of the lungs to mobilize secretions.

Question 95

Wheeze (monophonic, polyphonic)

Answer 95

Monophonic-loud, continuous sounds occurring in inspiration, expiration or throughout the respiratory cycle. The constant pitch of these sounds creates a musical tone. The tone is lower in pitch compared to other adventitious breath sounds. The single tone suggests the narrowing of a larger airway. Polyphonic- oud, musical and continuous. These breath sounds occur in expiration and inspiration and are heard over anterior, posterior and lateral chest walls. These sounds are associated with COPD and more severe asthma.

Question 96

White cell count – normal range

Answer 96

The normal range for the white blood cell count varies between laboratories but is usually between 4,300 and 10,800 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. This can also be referred to as the leukocyte count and can be expressed in international units as 4.3 - 10.8 x 109 cells per litre.

Question 97

Independent variable

Answer 97

A manipulated variable in an experiment or study whose presence or degree determines the change in the dependent variable.

Question 98

Dependent variable

Answer 98

The observed variable in an experiment or study whose changes are determined by the presence or degree of one or more independent variables.

Question 99

Extraneous variable

Answer 99

Extraneous variables are any variables that you are not intentionally studying in your experiment or test.