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Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

artery

A

a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to vital organs and the extremities

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2
Q

capillaries

A

the smallest blood vessels that supply blood to the tissues and the sit of all gas and nutrient exchange in the cardiovascular system. they connect the arterial and venous systems

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3
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart from vital organs and the extremities

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4
Q

plasma

A

the liquid portion of the blood

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5
Q

hormone

A

a chemical substance produced and released by endocrine gland and transported through the blood to target an organ

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6
Q

carbohydrates

A

the body’s preferred energy source. dietary sources include sugars (simple) and grains, rice, potatoes, and beans (complex) Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver and is transported in the blood as glucose

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7
Q

lipids

A

the name for fats used in the body and blood stream

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8
Q

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

A

substance found in muscle cells that participates in energy released by working muscle

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9
Q

Adenosine Trisphosphate (ATP)

A

A high-energy phosphate molecule required to provide energy for cellular function. Produced both aerobically and anaerobically and stored in the body

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10
Q

aerobic

A

in the presence of oxygen

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11
Q

afterload

A

the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk, respectively, that the left and right ventricles of the heart must overcome to eject blood

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12
Q

agonist

A

the muscle directly responsible for observed movement also called the prime mover

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13
Q

aldosterone

A

one of the two main hormones released by the adrenal cortex; plays a role in limiting sodium excretion in the urine

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14
Q

all-or-none principle

A

the principle of muscle contraction that states that when a motor unit is activated, all of the muscle fibers will maximally contract.

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15
Q

amino acids

A

nitrogen-containing compounds that are the building blocks of proteins

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16
Q

anaerobic

A

without the presence of oxygen

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17
Q

Anaerobic Threshold (AT)

A

The point during high-intensity activity when the body can no longer meet its demand for oxygen and anaerobic metabolism predominates. Also called lactate threshold or the first ventilatory threshold (VT1).

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18
Q

antagonist

A

the muscle that acts in opposition to the contraction produced by an agonist

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19
Q

applied force

A

an external force acting on a system (body or body segment)

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20
Q

arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (a-vO2difference)

A

the difference in oxygen content between arterial and mixed venous blood, which reflects the amount of oxygen removed by the whole body

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21
Q

arterioles

A

small-diameter blood vessels that extend and branch out from an artery and lead to capillaries; the primary site of vascular resistance.

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22
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

the specialized mass of conducting cells in the heart (right and left atrium)

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23
Q

atria

A

the two upper chambers of the heart (right and left atrium)

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24
Q

atrophy

A

a reduction in muscle size (muscle wasting) due to inactivity or immobilization

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25
Q

body composition

A

the makeup of the body in terms of relative percentage of fat-free mass and body fat

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26
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

a relative measure of body height to body weight used to determine levels of weight, from underweight to extreme obesity

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27
Q

calorie

A

a measurement of the amount of energy in a food available after digestion. the amount of energy needed to increase 1 kg of water by 1 degree celsius. also called a kilocalorie

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28
Q

cardiac cycle

A

the period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next heart beat; the systolic and diastolic phases and the interval in between.

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29
Q

cardiorespiratory endurance

A

the capacity of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the working muscles and tissues during sustained exercise and to remove metabolic waste products that would result in fatigue, the ability to perform large muscle movements over a sustained period; also called cardiovascular endurance

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30
Q

catabolism

A

metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy

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31
Q

catecholamine

A

hormone (eg. epinephrine and norepinephrine) released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise

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32
Q

conduction

A

the direct flow of heat through a material resulting from physical contact

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33
Q

connective tissue

A

the tissue that binds together and supports various structures of the body. ligaments and tendons are connective tissues

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34
Q

cortisol

A

a hormone that is often referred to as the “stress hormone” as it is involved in the response to stress. it increases blood pressure glucose levels and has an immunosuppressive action.

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35
Q

diastole

A

the period of filling of the heart between contractions; resting phase of the heart

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36
Q

diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

A

the pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase (diastole) of the cardiac cycle; indicative of total peripheral resistance.

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37
Q

electrolytes

A

a mineral that exists as a charged ion in the body and that is extremely important for normal cellular function

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38
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that speeds up a specific chemical reaction

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39
Q

epinephrine

A

a hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise; also called adrenaline.

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40
Q

essential amino acids

A

8-10 of the 23 different amino acids needed to make proteins. called essential because the body cannot manufacture them; they must be obtained from the diet.

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41
Q

estrogen

A

generic term for estrus-producing steroid compounds produced primarily in the ovaries; the female sex hormones

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42
Q

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

a measurable increased rate of oxygen uptake following strenuous activity. the extra oxygen is used in the processes (hormone balancing, replenishment of fuel stores, cellular repair, innervation, and anabolism) that restore the body to a resting state and adapt it to the exercise just performed.

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43
Q

expiration

A

the act of expelling air from the lungs; exhalation

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44
Q

fat

A

an essential nutrient that provides energy, energy storage, insulation, and contour to the body. 1g of fat equals 9 kcal.

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45
Q

first ventilatory threshold (VT1)

A

intensity of aerobic exercise at which ventilation starts to increase in a non-linear fashion in response to an accumulation of metabolic by-products in the blood.

46
Q

glucagon

A

a hormone released from the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low; stimulates glucose release from the liver to increase blood glucose. Also releases free fatty acids from adipose tissue to be used as fuel

47
Q

glucose

A

a simple sugar; the form in which all carbohydrates are used as the body’s principle energy source

48
Q

glycogen

A

the chief carbohydrate storage material; formed by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle

49
Q

growth hormone

A

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that facilitates protein synthesis in the body

50
Q

heat acclimation

A

the physiological adaptation to repeated exposure to physical exertion in the heat, occurring over a relatively brief period of time (days to weeks)

51
Q

heat acclimization

A

the gradual onset of the processes that prepare the body to tolerate heat stress. occurs in people who live in hot climates for months or years, whereas heat acclimation occurs in individuals in response to a warm season (shorter term)

52
Q

hormone

A

a chemical substance produced and released by an endocrine gland and transported through the blood to a target organ.

53
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure, or the elevation of resting blood presses above 140/90 mmHg.

54
Q

hyperventilation

A

a greater-than-normal rate of breathing that results in an abnormal loss of carbon dioxide from the blood; dizziness may occur.

55
Q

lactate

A

a chemical derivative of lactic acid, which is formed when sugars are broken down for energy without the presence of oxygen

56
Q

lactic acid

A

a metabolic by-product of anaerobic glycolysis; when it accumulates it increased blood pH, which slows down enzyme activity and ultimately causes fatigue

57
Q

lean body mass

A

the components of the body (apart from fat) including muscles, bones, nervous tissue, skin, blood, and organs.

58
Q

macronutrient

A

a nutrient that is needed in large quantities for normal growth and development.

59
Q

maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)

A

the point at which oxygen consumption plates with an additional workload; represents a persons capacity for the aerobic synthesis of ATP. also called maximal aerobic capacity or maximal oxygen uptake.

60
Q

micronutrient

A

a nutrient that is needed in small quantities for normal growth development

61
Q

mitochondria

A

the ‘power plant’ of the cells where aerobic metabolism occurs

62
Q

mobility

A

the degree to which an articulation is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissues

63
Q

monosaccharide

A

the simplest form of sugar, cannot be broken down any further

64
Q

monounsaturated fat

A

a type of unsaturated fat (liquid at room temp) that has one open spot on the fatty acid for the addition of a hydrogen atom

65
Q

muscular endurance

A

the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against resistance over a sustained period of time

66
Q

muscular strength

A

the maximal force a muscle or muscle group can exert during contraction

67
Q

myoglobin

A

a compound similar to hemoglobin, which aids in the storage and transport of oxygen in the muscle cells

68
Q

norepinephrine

A

a hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise

69
Q

overload

A

the principle that a physiological system subjected to above normal stress will respond by increasing in strength or function accordingly.

70
Q

oxidation

A

the addition of oxygen to a compound with a resulting loss of electrons.

71
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is involved in regulating the routine functions of the body, such as heartbeat, digestion, and sleeping. Opposes the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system (eg. stimulates digestive secretions, slows the heart, constricts the pupils, dilates the blood vessels

72
Q

peptid bond

A

the chemical bond formed between neighboring amino acids, constituting the primary linkage of all protein structures

73
Q

periodization

A

the systematic application of overload through the preplanned variation of program components to optimize gains in strength (or any specific component of fitness), while preventing overuse, staleness, overtraining and plateaus

74
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the parts of the nervous system that are outside the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)

75
Q

peripheral vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly int he periphery of the body (limbs)

76
Q

peripheral vasodilation

A

widening of the blood vessels (vasodilation) of the peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation

77
Q

phosphagen

A

high energy phosphate compounds found in the muscle tissue, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) that can be broken down for immediate by the cells.

78
Q

progesterone

A

female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries that affects many aspects of female physiology, including menstrual cycles and pregnancy

79
Q

protein

A

a compound composed of a combination 20 amino acids that is the major structural component of all body tissue

80
Q

respiration

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and the atmosphere

81
Q

SAID principle

A

a training principle that states that the body will adapt to specific challenges imposed upon it, as long as the program progressively overloads the system being trained; SAID stands for Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands

82
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid that contains no double bonds between carbon atoms; typically solid at room temp and very stable

83
Q

scope of practice

A

the range and limit of responsibilities normally associated with a specific job or profession

84
Q

second ventilatory threshold (VT2)

A

metabolic marker which represents the point at which high-intensity exercise can no longer be sustained due to an accumulation of lactate. also called the respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) or the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

85
Q

self efficacy

A

one’s perfection of his or her ability to change or perform specific behaviors

86
Q

sinoatrial node (SA Node)

A

a group of specialized myocardial cells, located in the wall of the right atrium that controls the hearts rate of contraction; the ‘pacemaker’ of the heart

87
Q

slow twitch muscle fiber

A

a muscle fiber type designed for use of aerobic glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, recruited for low-intensity, longer duration activities such as walking and swimming; also called type I muscle fiber

88
Q

stability

A

characteristic of the body’s joints or posture that represents resistance to change of position

89
Q

steady state

A

constant sub maximal exercise below the lactate threshold where the oxygen consumption is meeting the energy requirements of the activity

90
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart with each beat

91
Q

summation

A

the repeated stimulation of a muscle that leads to an increase in tension compared to a single twitch

92
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

a branch of the autonomic nervous system for mobilizing the body’s energy and resources during times of stress and arousal. Opposes the physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system (eg. reduces digestive secretions, speeds the heart, contracts blood vessels)

93
Q

systole

A

the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

94
Q

thermogenesis

A

the process by which the body generates heat from energy production

95
Q

transient hypertrophy

A

the ‘pumping’ up of a muscle that happens during a single exercise bout, resulting mainly from fluid accumulation in the interstitial and intracellular spaces of the muscle

96
Q

triglyceride

A

three fatty acids joined to a glycerol (carbon and hydrogen structure) backbone, how fat is stored in the body

97
Q

vagal withdrawal

A

effect produced on the heart when the parasympatheic nerve fibers (which are carried in the vagus nerve) controlling the heart rate inhibited by the sympathetic nervous system during exercise, thus increasing the heart rate

98
Q

vagus nerve

A

the tenth cranial nerve; parasympathetic, general sensory nerve

99
Q

vascularity

A

an increase in the number and size of blood vessels enhancing blood supply and oxygen delivery to muscle cells

100
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the opening of blood vessels (notable the smaller arterioles) caused by contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessels.

101
Q

vasodilation

A

increase in diameter of the blood vessels, especially dilation of arterioles leading to increased blood flow to a part of the body

102
Q

vasopressin

A

hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland during exercise. reduces urinary excretion of water and prevents dehydration

103
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart from vital organs and extremities.

104
Q

ventilatory threshold (VT)

A

point of transition between predominately aerobic energy production to anaerobic energy production; involves recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers and identified via gas exchange during exercise testing

105
Q

ventricles

A

the two lower chambers of the heart (right and left ventricles)

106
Q

venules

A

smaller divisions of veins

107
Q

vestibular system

A

part of the central nervous system that coordinates reflexes of the eyes, neck, and body to maintain equilibrium in accordance with posture and movement of the head.

108
Q

viscera

A

the collective internal organs of the abdominal cavity

109
Q

VO2 max

A

considered the best indicator of cardiovascular endurance, it is the maximum amount of oxygen (mL) that a person can use in one minute per kg of the body weight. also called maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic capacity

110
Q

windchill

A

a chill factor created by the increase in the rate of heat loss via convection and conduction caused by the wind

111
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

a principle stating that bone is capable of increasing its strength in response to stress (eg. exercise) by laying down more bone

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