Definitions Flashcards
Reaction rate?
Change in the amount of reactants or products per unit time.
Half life?
Time taken for half of the reactants to be used up.
Rate determining step?
Slowest step in a reaction.
Lattice enthalpy?
Formation of 1 mole of ionic lattice from gaseous ions.
Enthalpy of solution?
When 1 mole of a solute is completely dissolved in water.
Enthalpy of hydration?
1 mole of aqueous ions are formed from their gaseous ions.
Oxidising agent?
Causes something to be oxidised but is in itself reduced.
Reducing agent?
Causes something to be reduced but is itself oxidised.
Concordant results?
Within 0.1 of one another.
Standard electrode potential of a half cell?
Emf of a half cell compared with a standard hydrogen half cell measured at 298K, 1moldm-3, and pressure 1 atm.
Mole fraction?
Number of moles of gas / total number of moles of a gas.
Partial pressure?
Mole fraction x total pressure.
Entropy?
Measure of dispersal of energy in a system, or degree of disorder.
Standard entropy?
Entropy of 1 mole of a substance under standard conditions.
Transition element?
A d-block element that has at least one stable ion with an incomplete d subshell.
Complex ion?
Central transition metal ion bonded to one or more ligands by coordinate bonds.
Ligand?
An ion or molecule with a lone pair of electrons that can be donated to a transition metal to form a coordinate bond.
Coordinate number?
Total number of coordinate bonds between a central metal ion and its ligand.
Monodentate ligand?
A ligand that donates one pair of electrons to the central metal ion.
Bidentate ligand?
A ligand that donates two pairs of electrons to the central transition metal ion forming 2 coordinate bonds.
Stereoisomerism?
Same molecular and structural formula, but different arrangement of atoms in space.
Optical isomerism?
Non-superimposable mirror images.
Cis-platin?
Anti-cancer drug which binds to DNA in cancer cells and prevents cell division.
Acids?
Proton donors.
Bases?
Proton acceptors.
Pi bond?
Sideways overlap of p orbitals above and below the nucleus.
Sigma bond?
Head on overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms.
Arenes?
Hydrocarbons containing one or more benzene ring.
Aromatic?
Any compound with a benzene ring.
Reflux?
Continuous process of evaporation and condensation to prevent volatile reagents escaping.
Alkylation?
Hydrogen is replaced by an alkyl group.
Acyl group?
An alkyl R group attached to C=O.
Halogen carrier catalyst?
Takes a halogen atom from the reagent and carries it by forming a covalent bond to the halogen atom.
Phenol?
When an -OH group is directly bonded to a benzene.
Names of peaks in NMR?
Singlet, doublet, triplet, quartet, multiplet.
