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A2 Psychology - Schizophrenia > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A mental disorder characterised by a withdrawal from reality.

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2
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

TYPE 1 schizophrenia
Behaviours concerning loss of touch in reality

(Added behaviour)

HALLUCINATIONS
DELUSIONS

Responsive to medication

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3
Q

Negative symptoms

A

TYPE 2 schizophrenia
Behaviours that disrupt emotions and actions

(Loss of behaviour e.g. avolition)

Unresponsive to medication

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4
Q

Hallucinations

A

The perception of something being real that is not

Hearing,seeing things

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5
Q

DELUSIONS

A

A fixed false belief

cannot be confronted with truth

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6
Q

Speech poverty

A

E.g > Word salad

Negative symptom

Brief replies to questions. No elaboration.

Due to distorted thought processes

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7
Q

Avolition

A

Negative symptom

A lack of energy in any activity.

Loss in goal directed behaviour

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8
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of diagnosis

1 test-retest > when the same diagnosis is made in separate occasions from the same information

2 inter-rater > different clinicians make separate diagnosis on the same patient.

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9
Q

DSM 5

A

Diagnostic classification system

(Paranoid, disorganised, catatonic,undifferentiated, residual)

Must be shown 1 month or more
2 CLEAR symptoms.

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10
Q

ICD 10

A

Produced by WHO

  • Uses 7 classifications
  • 9 subtypes
  • Post schizophrenic depression
  • Simple schizophrenia - negative symptoms

MORE SUBTYPES THAN DSM5
1-6 months
1 CLEAR symptom

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11
Q

Validity

A

The accuracy of the diagnosis

Reliability - consistent diagnosis
Predictive validity - successful treatment
Descriptive - symp different to other disorders
Aetiological - same cause for sz

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12
Q

Co- Morbidity

A

1 or more additional disorders occur along with sz

  • causes issues in validity
  • symptoms may be of the same disorder
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13
Q

Culture Bias

A

Over - diagnosing other cultures as schizophrenic

Afro-Caribbean more diagnosed than white people in Britain than in their natural homeland.

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14
Q

Symptom overlap

A

Symptoms of the disorder are often the same as other disorders.

E.g. Depression in bipolar

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15
Q

Biological explanation - Genetic

A

Schizophrenia is caused by heredity

Genes are passed on to individuals from their relatives/parents

No specific gene
Gene mapping > several genes that make an individual susceptible to sz.

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16
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

Sz is caused by abnormal levels of the hormone/ neurotransmitter: dopamine.

Higher levels of dopamine > firing neurons

Can be caused by LSD

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17
Q

Neural correlates

A

Sz is caused by brain abnormalities

18
Q

Enlarged ventricles

A

Cause schizophrenia

The fluid filled in gaps between the brain

In the central brain

pre-frontal cortex brain >

Werernickes area is damaged which relates to speech&raquo_space;> speech poverty.

19
Q

Original dopamine Hypothesis

A

Excess levels of dopamine lead to symptoms of sz

Neuroleptic drug > reduces amount of dopamine

20
Q

Revised dopamine Hypothesis

A

Issues with

D2 receptors > too many > more dopamine

D4 receptors > too dense > more dopamine

21
Q

Glutamate

A

Found in the brain
Helps activate neurones/ neurotransmitter

Excess glutamate > excess dopamine

22
Q

Psychological explanations of Sz

Family dysfunction

A

The idea that Dysfunctional family relationships and communication > development of sz.

23
Q

Refrigerator mother

A

Provides physical needs for children but not emotional.

24
Q

Double Bind theory

A

Children who receive contradicting messages from their parents > sz.

E.g. If mothers say ‘I love u’ and reject a hug.

This leads to impaired coherence

25
Q

Impaired coherence

A

A construction of reality.

Leads to symptoms such as the flattened affect and with drawl

26
Q

Flattened effect

A

Lack of emotional expression

27
Q

Expressed emotion

A

Maintains schizophrenia

Where families constinuously demonstrate hostility and criticism towards recovering sz’s

Leads to severe relapse > delusions of persecution.

28
Q

Cognitive explanations

A

Maladaptive thought processes

The development of sz is related to thinking abnormally.

Or vice Versa .

29
Q

Cognitive deficits

A

Schemas are not activated in schizophrenics
> difficult to process incoming info.

Cannot recognise info so interpret it in own way.

This leads to sensory overload

30
Q

Sensory overload

A

Information cannot be processed so is overloaded

31
Q

Impaired insight

A

An inability to recognise cognitive distortions or reality

32
Q

Delusions - cognitive

A

Caused by the patient being egocentric.

Relate irrelevant events to themselves causing false conclusions.

33
Q

Hallucinations - cognitive

A

Hallucinating patients focus excessively on auditory stimuli

Have higher expectancy to hear things.

Do not recognise internal and external information. Relate themselves always.

34
Q

TREATMENTS - DRUG THERAPY

A

Typical drugs > treat positive symptoms

Eg: chlorprozamine
Blocks dopamine receptors in the synapse

Atypical drugs > 2nd resort > treated pos and neg symptoms
Eg: clozapine

Acts on serotonin and dopamine production systems.

35
Q

CBT

A

Helps to change maladaptive thinking that causes delusions / hallucinations

Every 10 days
12 sessions > to alter irrational thoughts

Personals therapy > talks on problems, experience and how to deal with these.

Relaxation skills also taught

36
Q

Family therapy

A

Counselling involving family members, patient, therapist

Improves communication.
Decreases guilt
Teaches family how to deal with sz patient

9-12 months

37
Q

Token economies

A

Helps MANAGE sz not treat it.

Operant conditioning > positive reinforcement

Sz patients are rewarded for carrying out good behaviour
Rewarded token can be exchanged for material goods.

Relieves negative symptoms such as lack of motivation.

38
Q

Interactionalist

A

Sz is caused by social, biological and psychological factors

Diathesis model

39
Q

Diathesis stress model

A

Biological susceptibility + environmental factors (stress /trauma) = SZ

Genetic faults in doperminergic systems 
TRIGGER 
psychological > abuse/ family dysfunctions
SET THE TRIGGER 
Maladaptive thinking/ neural correlates
EFFECTS OF SZ
40
Q

Interactionalist treatments

A

Patients take drug therapy FIRST to reduce lack of insight…

This allows psychological treatments to have greater effects, such as CBT

A2 Psychology - Schizophrenia (2 decks)

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