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Chemistry > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolute Zero

A

-273 C (0 K)

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2
Q

Acid Ionization Constant (K )

a

A

Indicates relative strength of an acid in aqueous solution

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3
Q

Activated Complex

A

Intermediate stage between reactants and products (peak of the diagram)

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4
Q

Addition polymerization

A

Joining of unsaturated monomers by a series of addition reactions

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5
Q

Addition Reaction

A

Substance reacts across a double/triple bond in an organic compound

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6
Q

Alkene

A

Contains one double bond

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7
Q

Alkyne

A

Contains a triple bond

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8
Q

Allotrope

A

Specific form of an element that can exist in more than one form
(Graphite and diamond are allotropes of the elements carbon)

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9
Q

Alloy

A

Solid metal solution

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10
Q

Amine

A

I hydrocarbon containing an amino group

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11
Q

Amino group

A

NH2

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12
Q

Amphiprotic/Amphoteric

A

Can act as both a Bronstad Lowery acid and base

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13
Q

Anhydrous

A

Water of crystallization has been removed

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14
Q

What occurs at the anode?

A

Oxidation

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15
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon whose electronic structure is related to that of benzene

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16
Q

Binding Energy

A

Energy released when a nucleus is assembled from its nucleons

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17
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume

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18
Q

How many joules is equal to 1 calorie?

A

4.186 joules

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19
Q

Bronsted Lowry acid

A

Donates H+ ions

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20
Q

Bronsted Lowry base

A

Accepts H+ ions

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21
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

> C=O

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22
Q

Carboxyl Group (Organic Acids)

A

-COOH

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23
Q

What occurs at the cathode?

A

Reduction

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24
Q

Formula for Celsius to Fahrenheit

A

F=9/5 C +32

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25
Q

Charles law

A

Volume is directly proportional to Kelvin temperature

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26
Q

Condensation Polymerization

A

Joining of monomers by a series of dehydration reactions

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27
Q

Contact Process

A

Produces sulfuric acid

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28
Q

Cracking

A

Process of breaking down large hydrocarbon molecules

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29
Q

Critical temperature

A

Temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied

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30
Q

Crystal

A

Solid whose particles are arranged in a repeating pattern

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31
Q

Deposition

A

From gas to a solid

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32
Q

Dipole

A

Uneven charge distribution in a molecule

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33
Q

Dispersion forces/London forces

A

Forces between neighboring nonpartisan molecules

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34
Q

Ductile

A

Can be drawn into wire

35
Q

Electrolysis

A

Non spontaneous redox reaction driven by external source of electricity

36
Q

Enthalpy

A

Total internal heat(heat,pressure, and volume)

37
Q

Enthalpy change (

A

Heat energy absorbed/released

38
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of randomness/disorder in a system

39
Q

Entropy change(

A

Increase/decrease in randomness of particles

40
Q

Esterification

A

Acid+Alcohol=Ester + Water

41
Q

Arrangement for ether

A

R-O-R

42
Q

Excited state

A

Electrons are no longer in the lowest possible energy state

43
Q

Fermentation

A

The oxidation of a sugar such as glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

44
Q

Fractional Distillation

A

Separation of organic substances based on differences in boiling points

45
Q

Free Energy Change (

A

Determines whether or not a reaction is spontaneous.

46
Q

Formula for Free Energy Change

A
47
Q

Haber Process

A

Produces ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

48
Q

Heat of Formation (

A

Heat energy absorbed/when a mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions

49
Q

Heat of fusion (Hf)

A

Heat absorbed when a unit mass of a solid changes to a liquid
(Hf of ice is 80 calories per gram)

50
Q

Heat of Vaporization (Hv)

A

Heat absorbed when liquid changes to a gas. (Hv of water is 540 calories per gram)

51
Q

Hydride

A

Binary compound of an active metal and hydrogen; the oxidation state of H is -1

52
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A strong Intermolecular attraction where H is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (F, O, or N)

53
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water molecule breaks a chemical bond; reaction between certain salts and water to produce excess hydronium or hydroxide ions.

54
Q

Ideal gas

A

Particles have no volume
They do not attract each other
Don’t transfer energy when they collide

55
Q

Ideal Gas Law (formula)

A

PV=nRT

R=

56
Q

Ionization Constant

A

Equilibrium constant expression that describes an ionization reaction;large value means a more ionized substance.
(Ex: Ka, Kb, and Kw)

57
Q

Le Chatelier’s Principle

A

When a system at equilibrium undergoes stress, the system will shift to lessen the effects of the stress.

58
Q

Lewis base

A

Donates a pair of electrons

59
Q

Lewis acid

A

Accepts a pair of electrons

60
Q

Litmus is ____ for acids and _____ for bases

A

Red for acids

Blue for bases

61
Q

Metallic Bond

A

Mobile valence electrons immersed in a sea of positive ions

62
Q

Moderator

A

Produces slow neutrons and promotes nuclear fission

Ex: Graphite and heavy water

63
Q

Kb

A

Molal boiling point constant

64
Q

Monomer

A

Basic unit of a polymer; monomer of a protein is an amino acid

65
Q

Paraffin (wax)

A

Common name for a mixture of solid allanes

66
Q

% Yield=

A

Actual/Theoretical x 100

67
Q

Polymer

A

Macromolecule with a chain of simpler units

68
Q

Propanone

A

(CH3)2 CO

69
Q

Roasting

A

Reaction of metal ore with oxygen to produce the metal oxide

70
Q

Saponification

A

Reaction of an ester with a base to make an alcohol and the sodium salt of an organic acid
(Ex: Soap made with NaOH)

71
Q

Saturated Hydrocarbon

A

Contains only single C-C bonds

72
Q

Ksp (Solubility Product Constant)

A

Provides measure of solubility of an ionic compound

73
Q

Spontaneous Reaction

A

Can occur under specific conditions

74
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Isomers where the atoms are connected in the same order but arranged differently in space
(Cis-trans)

75
Q

Toluene

A

C7H8 (Methyl Benzene)

76
Q

Transmutation

A

Conversion of one element to another by a nuclear process

77
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

Involves attractions of polar and non polar molecules

78
Q

Water of Hydration

A

Water Molecules that are part of the crystal structure of certain compounds

79
Q

Volatile

A

Easily evaporates at normal temperatures

80
Q

Ligand

A

Molecule that binds specifically to another molecule(usually a larger one)

81
Q

Paramagnetic

A

Subshell is not filled

82
Q

Diamagnetic

A

Subshell is filled

83
Q

Gases are ideal under ________ pressure and ________ temperatures

A

Low pressure

High temperatures

84
Q

Volume is only significant in a gas under _______ pressure and ________ temperatures

A

High pressures

Low temperatures

Chemistry (9 decks)

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