definitions

Question 1

Cross linkage?

Answer 1

: connective tissue adhesions

Question 2

hysteresis?

Answer 2

a. During the loading and unloading of connective tissue, the restoration of the final length of the tissue occurs at a rate and to an extent less than during deformation (loading). These differences represent energy loss in the connective tissue system. This difference in viscoelastic behavior (and energy loss) is known as hysteresis (or “stress-strain”).

Question 3

ground substance?

Answer 3

a. : colloidal suspension in connective tissue composed of GAGS

Question 4

Glycosaminoglycans:

Answer 4

a. : substance secreted by fibrocytes to create ground substance that take up water and maintain a distance between collagen fibers

Question 5

Creep

Answer 5

measure of deformation over time when stress is held constant

Question 6

Fibrocytes

Answer 6

a. primary cells that secrete GAGS in connective tissue

Question 7

Plasticity:

Answer 7

property of an object: when constant stress is applied, the object deforms permanently and cannot return back to it’s original shape.

Question 8

elasticity:

Answer 8

a. : property of an object: when stress is applied, the release of the stress will allow the object to return back to it’s original shape.

Question 9

stress

Answer 9

a. : elongating force (tension, compression, shear, torsion, bending, load)

Question 10

sprain

Answer 10

a. an injury to a ligament when the joint is carried through a range of motion greater than normal, but without dislocation or fracture. 2. stretching injuries of ligamentous tissue (compare with strain): first degree: microtrauma; second degree: partial tear; third degree: complete disruption.a.

Question 11

Contractility:

Answer 11

a. ability of a muscle to shorten and/or develop tension (not sure about this one)

Question 12

Whiplash

Answer 12

a. Acceleration/deceleration cervical myofascial injury: Whiplash and whiplash associated disorders (WAD) affects variable areas of the cervical spine, depending on the force and direction of impact as well as many other factors. In a whiplash injury, bony structures, ligamentous structures, muscles, neurological structures, and other connective tissue may be affected. Anatomic causes of pain can be any of these structures, with the strain injury resulting in secondary edema, hemorrhage, and inflammation.

Question 13

What are characteristics of a large fiber system?

Answer 13

i. Encapsulated endings ii. Large myelinated fibers iii. Low thresholds of activation iv. Discrimination and proprioception v. Line labeled vi Adaptation

Question 14

What are characteristics of a small fiber system?

Answer 14

i. Naked nerve endings – found in skin, vessels, bone, mm and joint, intervertebral disks, meninges, viscera ii. Lightly myelinated/unmyelinated fibers iii. High thresholds of activation – mechanical stress, chemical irritation, thermal stress iv. Nociception and general adaptation response v. Frequency labeled vi. Peripheral sensitization – activation of primary afferent neurons (PANS) leads to lowering of threshold and development of hyperalgesia

Question 15

Spinal facilitation

Answer 15

a. The maintenance of a pool of neurons (e.g., premotor neurons, motor neurons or preganglionic sympathetic neurons in one or more segments of the spinal cord) in a state of partial or subthreshold excitation; in this state, less afferent stimulation is required to trigger the discharge of impulses. 2. A theory regarding the neurophysio-logical mechanisms underlying the neuronal activity associated with somatic dysfunction. 3. Facilitation may be due to sustained increase in afferent input, aberrant patterns of afferent input, or changes within the affected neurons themselves or their chemical environment. Once established, facilitation can be sustained by normal central nervous system (CNS) activity

Question 16

Nociception

Answer 16

activation of small primary afferent fibers due to tissue injury

Question 17

Allodynia

Answer 17

a. : dysfunction/dysregulation of nociceptive system leading to abnormal response to non-noxious stimuli

Question 18

Eudynia:

Answer 18

“good”, acute, protective pain

Question 19

gamma loop hypothesis

Answer 19

a. Injury to muscle causes a change in the gamma motor neuron so that it becomes more sensitive to stimulation, which in turn causes the muscle spindle to be more responsive and induces a spasm or increase in muscle tone to relieve tension in the muscle spindle. a.

Question 20

homeostasis:

Answer 20

1. Maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment. 2. The level of well-being of an individual maintained by internal physiologic harmony that is the result of a relatively stable state or equilibrium among the interdependent body functions. Inhibitory feedback control establishes boundary parameters that oscillate around a defined set point

Question 21

pain

Answer 21

a. the brain’s perception of nociceptive activity (the learning experience)

Question 22

Identify what occurs to a patient’s perception to pain at different areas of the brain

Answer 22

a. Thalamus: sends information from spinal cord and brainstem to cortex. First structure that can perceive pain. Most active site in acute pain. Initiates elaborate evasive movements and complicated psychological responses to painful stimuli b. Somatic sensory: localizing quantities and intensity of pain perception. c. insular cortex: working through ANS to orchestrate physiological response to pain. Also implicated in emotional, cognitive, and memory aspects of pain d. Prefrontal cortex: attentive (cognitive) response to pain e. anterior cingulate cortex: transformation of sensation to perception (emotional response to pain) f. Amygdala: emotional memory of pain

Question 23

Nerve Fiber types

Answer 23