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Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Aminoacylase

A

Enzyme used to produce pure samples of L-amino acids

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2
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non living conditions in a habitat

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3
Q

Abscission

A

The fall of leaves

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4
Q

Acetyl coenzyme A

A

Molecule that enter the Krebs cycle from glycolysis through a linking reaction when coenzyme a combines with acetyl group

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5
Q

Acetylation

A

Addition of acetyl group

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6
Q

Action potential

A

The change in the potential difference across the neurone membrane of the axon when stimulated, approx +40 mV

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7
Q

Activation energy

A

The energy required to initiate a reaction

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8
Q

Active site

A

Area of an enzyme with a shape complementary to a specific substrate, allowing the enzyme to bind a substrate with specificity

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9
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of particles across a plasma membrane against a concentration gradient, energy is required

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10
Q

Adenosine diphosphate ( ADP )

A

A nucleotide composed of a nitrogenous base ( adenine ), a pentode sugar and two phosphate groups. Formed by the hydrolysis of ATP, releasing a phosphate ion and energy

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11
Q

Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP )

A

A nucleotide composed of a nitrogenous base ( adenine ), a pentose sugar and three phosphate groups. The universal energy currency of cells

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12
Q

Agglutinins

A

Chemicals ( antibodies ) that cause pathogens to clump together so they are easier for phagocytes to engulf and digest

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13
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Fermentation that results on the production of ethanol

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14
Q

Alkaloids

A

Bitter tasting compounds found in plant leaves that may affect the metabolism of animals or insects eating them or poison them

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15
Q

Allele

A

Version of a gene

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16
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same gene

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17
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation that occurs as a result of a physical barrier between populations

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18
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomer used to build polypeptides an thus protein

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19
Q

Ammonification

A

Conversion of nitrogen compounds in dead organic matter or waste into ammonium compounds by decomposers

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20
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Steroids drugs used illegally by some athletes or bodybuilders to increase body mass

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21
Q

Anabolism ( anabolic )

A

Reaction of metabolism that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy from the hydrolysis of ATP

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22
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration in the absence of oxygen

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23
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures that have adapted to perform the same function but have a different origin

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24
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of mitosis when chromatids are separated to opposite poles of the cell

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25
Q

Antibiotic resistance bacteria

A

Bacteria that undergo mutation to become resistant to an antibiotic and then survive to increase in number

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26
Q

Antibiotics

A

A chemical or compound that kills or inhabits the growth of bacteria

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27
Q

Antibodies

A

Y shaped glycoproteins made by B cells of the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen

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28
Q

Anti diuretic hormone ( ADH )

A

Hormone that increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to water

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29
Q

Antigen

A

Identifying chemicals on the surface of a cell that triggers an immune response

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30
Q

Antigen-antibody complex

A

The complex formed when an antibody binds to an antigen

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31
Q

Antigen presenting cell ( APC )

A

A cell that displays foreign antigens complexed with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces

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32
Q

Antisense strand

A

The strand of DNA that runs 3 to 5 and is complementary to the sense strand. It acts as a templates strand during transcription

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33
Q

Anti toxins

A

Chemicals ( antibodies ) that binds to toxins produced by pathogens so they no longer have an effect

34
Q

Apical dominance

A

The growth and dominance of the main shoot as a result of the suppression of lateral shoots by auxin

35
Q

Apoplast

A

The cell walls and intercellular spaces of plants cells

36
Q

Apoplast route

A

Movement of substances through the cell spaces by diffusion and into cytoplasm by active transport

37
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed and controlled cell death important in controlling the body form and in the removal of damaged or diseased cells

38
Q

Arrhythmia

A

An abnormal rhythm of the heart

39
Q

Artefacts

A

Objects or structures seen through a microscope that have been created during the processing of the specimen

40
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Immunity which results from exposure to a safe form of a pathogen, for example, by vaccination

41
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Immunity which results from the administration of antibodies from another animal against a dangerous pathogens

42
Q

Artificial selection

A

See selective breeding

43
Q

Artificial twinning

A

The process of producing monozygotic twins artificially

44
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent

45
Q

Assimilates

A

The product of photosynthesis that are transported around a plant e.g sucrose

46
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

An abnormal rhythm of the heart when the atria beat very fast and incompletely

47
Q

Atrio ventricular node ( VAN )

A

Stimulates the ventricles to contract after imposing a slight delay to ensure atrial contraction is complete

48
Q

Autoimmune diease

A

A condition or illness resulting from an autoimmune response

49
Q

Autoimmune response

A

Response when the immune system acts against it’s own cells and destroys heathy tissue in the body

50
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system that is under subconscious control

51
Q

Autotrophic

A

Organisms that synthesis complex organic molecules from inorganic molecules via photosynthesis

52
Q

Auxins

A

Plant hormones that control cell elongation, prevent leaf fail, maintain apical dominance, produce tropic responses and stimulate the use of ethene in fruit ripening

53
Q

B effector cells

A

B lymphocytes that divide to form plasma cell clones

54
Q

B lymphocytes ( B cells )

A

Lymphocytes which mature in the bone marrow and that are involved in the production of anti bodies

55
Q

B memory cells

A

B lymphocytes that love a long time and provide immunological memory of the antibodies needed against a specific antigen

56
Q

Barroreceptors

A

Receptors which detect changes in pressure

57
Q

Batch fermentation

A

An industrial fermentation that runs for a set time

58
Q

Belt transect

A

Two parallel lines are marked along the ground and samples are taken of the area at specified points

59
Q

Benedict’s reagent

A

An alkaline solution of copper sulfate used in the chemical tests for reducing sugars and non reducing sugars. A brick red precipitate indicates a positive result

60
Q

Beta pleated sheet

A

Sheet like secondary structure of proteins

61
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

The scientific naming of a species with a Latin name made of two parts, the first indicating the genus and the second the species

62
Q

Biomass

A

Mass of living material

63
Q

Biomediation

A

The use if microorganisms to break down pollutants and contaminants in the soil of water

64
Q

Biotic factors

A

The living components of an ecosystem

65
Q

Biuret test

A

The chemical test for proteins; peptide bonds form violet coloured complexes with copper ions in alkaline solutions

66
Q

Bohr effect

A

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the uptake and release of oxygen by haemoglobin

67
Q

Bowmans capsule

A

Cup shaped structure that contains the glomerulusand is the site of ultrafiltration in the kidney

68
Q

Bradycardia

A

A slow heart rhythm of below 60 beats per minute

69
Q

Breathing rate

A

The number of breaths ( inhalation and exhalation ) taken per minute

70
Q

Bulk transport

A

A form of active transport where large molecules or whole bacterial cells are moved into or out of a cell by endocytosis or exocytosis

71
Q

Bundle of his

A

Conducting tissue composed of purkyne fibres that passes through the septum of the heart

72
Q

Callose

A

A polysaccharide containing 1-3 linkages and 1-6 linkages between the glucose monomers that is important in the plant response to infection

73
Q

Calvin cycle

A

The cyclical light independent reactions of photosynthesis

74
Q

Carbaminohaemoglobin

A

The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin

75
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic polymers composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, usually in the ratio C(x) (H2O) (y) also known as saccharides or sugar

76
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

Enzymes which catalyses the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

77
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

The events of single heartbeat, composed of diastole and systole

78
Q

Carrier

A

A person who has one copy of a recessive allele coding for a genetically inherited condition

79
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Membrane proteins that play a part on transport of substances through membrane

80
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum population size that an environment can support

81
Q

Cartilage

A

Strong, flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the bodies of human and other animals

Biology (69 decks)

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