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Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Aminoacylase

A

Enzyme used to produce pure samples of L-amino acids

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2
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non living conditions in a habitat

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3
Q

Abscission

A

The fall of leaves

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4
Q

Acetyl coenzyme A

A

Molecule that enter the Krebs cycle from glycolysis through a linking reaction when coenzyme a combines with acetyl group

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5
Q

Acetylation

A

Addition of acetyl group

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6
Q

Action potential

A

The change in the potential difference across the neurone membrane of the axon when stimulated, approx +40 mV

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7
Q

Activation energy

A

The energy required to initiate a reaction

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8
Q

Active site

A

Area of an enzyme with a shape complementary to a specific substrate, allowing the enzyme to bind a substrate with specificity

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9
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of particles across a plasma membrane against a concentration gradient, energy is required

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10
Q

Adenosine diphosphate ( ADP )

A

A nucleotide composed of a nitrogenous base ( adenine ), a pentode sugar and two phosphate groups. Formed by the hydrolysis of ATP, releasing a phosphate ion and energy

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11
Q

Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP )

A

A nucleotide composed of a nitrogenous base ( adenine ), a pentose sugar and three phosphate groups. The universal energy currency of cells

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12
Q

Agglutinins

A

Chemicals ( antibodies ) that cause pathogens to clump together so they are easier for phagocytes to engulf and digest

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13
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Fermentation that results on the production of ethanol

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14
Q

Alkaloids

A

Bitter tasting compounds found in plant leaves that may affect the metabolism of animals or insects eating them or poison them

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15
Q

Allele

A

Version of a gene

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16
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same gene

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17
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation that occurs as a result of a physical barrier between populations

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18
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomer used to build polypeptides an thus protein

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19
Q

Ammonification

A

Conversion of nitrogen compounds in dead organic matter or waste into ammonium compounds by decomposers

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20
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Steroids drugs used illegally by some athletes or bodybuilders to increase body mass

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21
Q

Anabolism ( anabolic )

A

Reaction of metabolism that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy from the hydrolysis of ATP

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22
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration in the absence of oxygen

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23
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures that have adapted to perform the same function but have a different origin

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24
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of mitosis when chromatids are separated to opposite poles of the cell

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25
Antibiotic resistance bacteria
Bacteria that undergo mutation to become resistant to an antibiotic and then survive to increase in number
26
Antibiotics
A chemical or compound that kills or inhabits the growth of bacteria
27
Antibodies
Y shaped glycoproteins made by B cells of the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen
28
Anti diuretic hormone ( ADH )
Hormone that increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to water
29
Antigen
Identifying chemicals on the surface of a cell that triggers an immune response
30
Antigen-antibody complex
The complex formed when an antibody binds to an antigen
31
Antigen presenting cell ( APC )
A cell that displays foreign antigens complexed with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces
32
Antisense strand
The strand of DNA that runs 3 to 5 and is complementary to the sense strand. It acts as a templates strand during transcription
33
Anti toxins
Chemicals ( antibodies ) that binds to toxins produced by pathogens so they no longer have an effect
34
Apical dominance
The growth and dominance of the main shoot as a result of the suppression of lateral shoots by auxin
35
Apoplast
The cell walls and intercellular spaces of plants cells
36
Apoplast route
Movement of substances through the cell spaces by diffusion and into cytoplasm by active transport
37
Apoptosis
Programmed and controlled cell death important in controlling the body form and in the removal of damaged or diseased cells
38
Arrhythmia
An abnormal rhythm of the heart
39
Artefacts
Objects or structures seen through a microscope that have been created during the processing of the specimen
40
Artificial active immunity
Immunity which results from exposure to a safe form of a pathogen, for example, by vaccination
41
Artificial passive immunity
Immunity which results from the administration of antibodies from another animal against a dangerous pathogens
42
Artificial selection
See selective breeding
43
Artificial twinning
The process of producing monozygotic twins artificially
44
Asexual reproduction
The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent
45
Assimilates
The product of photosynthesis that are transported around a plant e.g sucrose
46
Atrial fibrillation
An abnormal rhythm of the heart when the atria beat very fast and incompletely
47
Atrio ventricular node ( VAN )
Stimulates the ventricles to contract after imposing a slight delay to ensure atrial contraction is complete
48
Autoimmune diease
A condition or illness resulting from an autoimmune response
49
Autoimmune response
Response when the immune system acts against it's own cells and destroys heathy tissue in the body
50
Autonomic nervous system
Part of the nervous system that is under subconscious control
51
Autotrophic
Organisms that synthesis complex organic molecules from inorganic molecules via photosynthesis
52
Auxins
Plant hormones that control cell elongation, prevent leaf fail, maintain apical dominance, produce tropic responses and stimulate the use of ethene in fruit ripening
53
B effector cells
B lymphocytes that divide to form plasma cell clones
54
B lymphocytes ( B cells )
Lymphocytes which mature in the bone marrow and that are involved in the production of anti bodies
55
B memory cells
B lymphocytes that love a long time and provide immunological memory of the antibodies needed against a specific antigen
56
Barroreceptors
Receptors which detect changes in pressure
57
Batch fermentation
An industrial fermentation that runs for a set time
58
Belt transect
Two parallel lines are marked along the ground and samples are taken of the area at specified points
59
Benedict's reagent
An alkaline solution of copper sulfate used in the chemical tests for reducing sugars and non reducing sugars. A brick red precipitate indicates a positive result
60
Beta pleated sheet
Sheet like secondary structure of proteins
61
Binomial nomenclature
The scientific naming of a species with a Latin name made of two parts, the first indicating the genus and the second the species
62
Biomass
Mass of living material
63
Biomediation
The use if microorganisms to break down pollutants and contaminants in the soil of water
64
Biotic factors
The living components of an ecosystem
65
Biuret test
The chemical test for proteins; peptide bonds form violet coloured complexes with copper ions in alkaline solutions
66
Bohr effect
The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the uptake and release of oxygen by haemoglobin
67
Bowmans capsule
Cup shaped structure that contains the glomerulusand is the site of ultrafiltration in the kidney
68
Bradycardia
A slow heart rhythm of below 60 beats per minute
69
Breathing rate
The number of breaths ( inhalation and exhalation ) taken per minute
70
Bulk transport
A form of active transport where large molecules or whole bacterial cells are moved into or out of a cell by endocytosis or exocytosis
71
Bundle of his
Conducting tissue composed of purkyne fibres that passes through the septum of the heart
72
Callose
A polysaccharide containing 1-3 linkages and 1-6 linkages between the glucose monomers that is important in the plant response to infection
73
Calvin cycle
The cyclical light independent reactions of photosynthesis
74
Carbaminohaemoglobin
The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin
75
Carbohydrates
Organic polymers composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, usually in the ratio C(x) (H2O) (y) also known as saccharides or sugar
76
Carbonic anhydrase
Enzymes which catalyses the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid
77
Cardiac cycle
The events of single heartbeat, composed of diastole and systole
78
Carrier
A person who has one copy of a recessive allele coding for a genetically inherited condition
79
Carrier proteins
Membrane proteins that play a part on transport of substances through membrane
80
Carrying capacity
The maximum population size that an environment can support
81
Cartilage
Strong, flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the bodies of human and other animals

Biology (69 decks)

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