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Epidemiology Final Exam Crap > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

The absolute number of animals that have a particular disease…

A

Count

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2
Q

The count of diseased animals are expressed as a fraction of the animals that could be diseased…

A

proportion

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3
Q

The most common proportion is…

A

prevalence

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4
Q

An expression of the change in the count or amount of disease in a defined population per unit of time…

A

rate

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5
Q

Most common rates are…(2)

A

cumulative incidence and incidence density

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6
Q

A fraction in which the numerator is NOT part of the denominator…

A

ratio

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7
Q

The ratio of the number of diseased to the number NOT diseased…

A

Odds ratio

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8
Q

The proportion of the study population that is diseased at any one time…or the measure of the amount of disease in the population at any one time…

A

prevalence

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9
Q

The proportion of the study population that is diseased at a single point in time…or the probability that an individual in the study pop. is diseased at the time of study…

A

point prevalence

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10
Q

How do you calculate point prevalence?

A

cases of disease present in the pop. at a particular time/ total pop. at that specified time

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11
Q

The proportion of the study pop. that is diseased during a specified period of time that measures all the cases of disease in the study pop. over a period of time is…

A

period prevalence

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12
Q

What type of prevalence includes old cases of disease that were present at the beginning of the time period AND new cases of disease that occur over the time period?

A

period prevalence

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13
Q

How do you calculate period prevalence?

A

cases of disease present in the pop. over a period of time/ total pop. over that period of time

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14
Q

What is the number of new cases of disease that occur in the study pop. over time?

A

Incidence

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15
Q

Incidence is used to predict…

A

case occurrence in a population

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16
Q

Incidence only counts…

A

NEW CASES of disease

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17
Q

The proportion of disease-free (susceptible) individuals in a pop. who became diseased during a specified period of time…

A

cumulative incidence

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18
Q

How do you calculate cumulative incidence?

A

new cases of disease or events during the time period/ total disease free pop. at risk at the beginning of the time period

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19
Q

What is often determined by cross-sectional studies and surveys?

A

Point Prevalence

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20
Q

What is cumulative incidence during an epidemic or the probability (risk) of becoming diseased during the course of an epidemic?

A

Attack Rate

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21
Q

How do you calculate attack rate?

A

new cases of disease during an epidemic/ total pop. at risk or exposed during that epidemic

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22
Q

What is an instantaneous rate of occurrence of new cases of disease among non-diseased animals in the population?

A

Incidence density (incidence rate)

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23
Q

How do you calculate incidence density or incidence rate?

A

new cases of disease during the study/sum of length of time during which each individual in the pop. is at risk

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24
Q

How do you report incidence density?

A

reported as animal-time at risk

25
Q

How do you report period prevalence?

A

cases/animal/time

26
Q

How do you report cumulative incidence?

A

cases/animal/time

27
Q

What measures the amount of disease in a population?

A

prevalence

28
Q

What measures the rate of disease occurrence?

A

incidence

29
Q

What is the best measure to assess the overall burden of the disorder, including the costs and resources and reflects the overall magnitude of the disease?

A

prevalence

30
Q

What is the best measure to asses increasing or decreasing trends in disease frequency and is used to asses the risk factors/causes for the disease?

A

incidence

31
Q

What is defined as the probability of becoming disease?

A

Disease risk

32
Q

When an individual is not diseased but is capable of becoming diseased, we say these individuals are…

A

at risk

33
Q

What are factors that increase the probability of becoming diseased?

A

risk factors

34
Q

What is the incidence of death in a given time period?

A

Mortality rate

35
Q

How do you calculate Mortality Rates?

A

deaths during the time period/ total pop. during the same time

36
Q

What is the mortality rate due to a specific disease or event?

A

cause-specific mortality rate

37
Q

How do you calculate cause-specific mortality rates?

A

deaths from a specific cause or incident/ total pop. during the same time

38
Q

What is defined as the # of cases that are fatal, within a specified time, following disease onset or diagnosis?

A

Case Fatality Rate

39
Q

How do you calculate case-fatality rate?

A

individual cases of disease that die/total #individuals with the disease

40
Q

In enzootic disease, transmission is sustained over time due to…

A
  1. the result of regularly occurring exposures

2. a continuous supply of susceptible animals

41
Q

What is a concept in nature of a pop.-level phenomenon which accounts for the reduction in transmission of infectious disease?

A

herd immunity

42
Q

What are the sources of immunity?

A

innate, passive or acquired

43
Q

Highly infectious diseases require what amount of immunity?

A

approximately 95% immunity

44
Q

How can you measure herd immunity?

A

study the prevalence of antibodies in a population

45
Q

What is the number of secondary cases caused by an infected individual in an entirely susceptible population that determines whether a disease can persist and is valuable for assessing management options?

A

R0

46
Q

What is a measure of the basic reproductive rate, transmissibility, or spreading potential of an infection in a population?

A

R0

47
Q

How is R0 calculated?

A

(#contacts per day) X (probability of transmission per contact) X (duration of infectivity)

48
Q

Diseases are controlled when the R0 is…

A
49
Q

How do you approximate what % of the pop. that needs to be immune to prevent or stop disease transmission by manipulating R0?

A

Multiply R0 by the proportion of the pop. that is NOT immune –> R0 X (%naive pop.)

If this reduces R

50
Q

What is based upon the probability of transmission from a population of infected cases to a population of susceptible animals?

A

Reed-Frost Model

51
Q

The Reed-Frost Model is an iterative model that provides a “snapshot” in time, allowing predictions of entire epidemic curves and accounts for the effects of immunity by…

A

removing immune animals from the “S” or susceptible population with each iteration.

52
Q

The Reed-Frost Model is good when dealing with what type of population?

A

Large, closed populations

53
Q

Goals of epidemiological studies are…

A
  1. describe the disease (descriptive studies)

2. identify associations (analytical studies)

54
Q

A good study should be…

A
  1. Scientifically sound
  2. Valid
  3. Precise
  4. Efficient
55
Q

Most Epidemiological studies are…observational or experimental?

A

Observational

56
Q

When researchers do not know the treatment or exposure status of the subjects, this is called…

A

blinding

57
Q

What type of study is Ecologic Fallacy a disadvantage and what does that mean?

A

Ecologic Fallacy is found in Ecological (Analytical) studies.

Ecologic Fallacy = the relationship in the pop. may not be true at an individual level

58
Q

What is a tool or method for collecting information about individuals in populations? What studies commonly utilize this method?

A

Surveys

Cross-Sectional Studies commonly utilize surveys.

Epidemiology Final Exam Crap (5 decks)

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