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Sociology > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Organic analogy

A

Society functions like a human body, every part is essential

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2
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

The ruling class, rich people

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3
Q

Proletariat

A

The working class, being exploited by the Beorgeoise

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4
Q

Norms

A

Actions that follow norms - the un-written rules of society

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5
Q

Values

A

Ideas or beliefs that are thought to be important and influence peoples behaviour

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6
Q

Value consensus

A

Everyone agrees on the same norms values an beleifs

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7
Q

Social solidarity

A

A solid working society, everything fits into place and supports eachother

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8
Q

Social construct

A

A value built by society and is different if different societies

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9
Q

Stereotypes

A

Derogatory, negative view of a group. Reduces large groups of people to one characteristics in order to mock

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10
Q

Ethnography

A

Participant observation, trying to understand a culture by getting stuck in

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11
Q

Ethnocentric

A

Viewing something from your cultures perspectives - biased results

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12
Q

High culture

A

Intellectual achievements in the field of art, science or literature - opera, ballet

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13
Q

Popular culture

A

Counter part of high culture, seen as inferior. Tastes of the lower socio-economic groups - beers, movies, chill

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14
Q

Ideology

A

A systematic set of ideas and beliefs in favour of a particular group.

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15
Q

Bourdieu - Capital

A

Capital refers to the skills, tastes, posture, clothing, mannerisms, material belongings, credentials ect that you gain through being part of a particular social class

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16
Q

Habitus

A

The habits that you develop, habitus also extends to our “tastes” for cultural objects such as art, food and clothing

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17
Q

Capitalism

A

Economy driven

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18
Q

Communism

A

Everyone is equal

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19
Q

Subcultures

A

Cultures within a dominant culture - goths, emos, punks, hipsters, skinheads

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20
Q

Globalisation

A

Nations are no longer isolated, ‘the world is getting smaller the gaps between cultures are getting smaller’. = global culture

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21
Q

Culturally Diverse

A

There’s a variety or norms and values between cultures

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22
Q

Intercultural diversity

A

Diversity between cultures - the IK and the Na

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23
Q

Intracultural diversity

A

Diversity within cultures - In Britan

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24
Q

Cultural Hybridity

A

`Merging two or more cultures together seen is aspects such as music, fashion and food - Jai Ho

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25
Q

Subcultural capital (based on bordieu)

A

Can provide status within a subculture - e.g goths will paint their face white to show a higher status

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26
Q

Global culture

A

Cultural products are shared across the globe

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27
Q

Positivism - patterns

A

A regular form or sequence in which something happens or is conducted

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28
Q

Positivism - trends

A

A general direction in which something is developing or changing

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29
Q

Positivism - objectivity

A

Free from personal bias, judgement or prejudice.

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30
Q

Positivism - value freedom

A

Looking at something without your own values influencing the outcome of the research

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31
Q

Positivism - quantitative data

A

Data expressing a certain quantity, amount or range. Number data

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32
Q

Interpretivism - verstehen

A

Understanding the meaning of action from the persons point of view

33
Q

Interpretivism - empathy

A

The ability to understand and share the feelings of someone else

34
Q

Interpretivism - rapport

A

A relationship where the people are concerned with each others feelings or ideas and communicate well

35
Q

Interpretivism - subjectivity

A

When someone’s judgement is shaped by personal opinions and feelings instead of outside influences.

36
Q

Interpretivism - researcher imposition

A

The researcher is making their own decisions and assumptions as to what is and isn’t important - could miss important things

37
Q

Interpretivism - reflexivity

A

Circular relationships between cause and effect. Both the cause and effect affecting one another in a relationship in which neither can be assigned as causes or effects.

38
Q

Interpretivism - qualitative data

A

Information about qualities, rich, in-depth and detailed data

39
Q

Key research concepts - validity

A

A tests ability to measure what it is supposed to measure

40
Q

Key research concepts - reliability

A

The extent to which someone else could use your method and get the same results

41
Q

Key research concepts - representativeness

A

A statistical population that accurately reflects the members of the target population

42
Q

Key research concepts - generalisability

A

The ability to apply the conclusions to the entire population

43
Q

Key concepts in the research process - factors influencing the choice of research topic

A

These could be limiting factors - ethics, time, cost, aims. Which method is more suitable

44
Q

Key concepts in the research process - aims /hypothesis/research questions

A

What you are trying to answer/prove/disprove in your experiment

45
Q

Key concepts in the research process - primary data

A

Data which is collected by the experimenter first hand

46
Q

Key concepts in the research process - secondary data

A

Data which had already been collected by someone else

47
Q

Key concepts in the research process - operationalisation

A

Defining variables/ concepts into measurable factors

48
Q

Key concepts in the research process - pilot studies

A

A small study conducted as a ‘test’ for the bigger study, to iron out any kinks and to see if your experiment works

49
Q

Key concepts in the research process - data collection

A

Gathering and measuring information on varibles in an established systematic fashion

50
Q

Key concepts in the research process - respondent validation

A

When feedback is obtained from the participants about the accuracy of the data they have given and the researchers interpretation of that data

51
Q

Key concepts in the research process - longitudinal studies

A

Doing a study over a period of time

52
Q

Key concepts in the research process - interpretation of data

A

Assigning meaning to the information collected and determining the conclusions and significance of the findings

53
Q

Key concepts in the research process - the relationship between sociology and social policy

A

An intense objective and scientific approach should be used in order to get social facts which are used by government to develop patterns of behaviour that benefit society as a whole.

54
Q

Sampling techniques - random

A

Where everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being picked

55
Q

Sampling techniques - systematic

A

Where sample members from a larger population are selected according to a random starting point (every Nth person) in

56
Q

Sampling techniques - stratified

A

Where the target population is split into specific groups and then a random sample is taken from those groups in proportion to their size in the total population. (sample of 3, in a class there are 22 women and 11 men, in the sample there will be 2 women for every 1 man)

57
Q

Sampling techniques - snowball

A

Where one participant is recruited, then they are asked to recruit other participants who fit the criteria of the research

58
Q

Sampling techniques - volunteer

A

Where participants select themselves to be part of an experiment

59
Q

Sampling techniques - opportunity

A

Where participants are selected merely on who is most readably available at the time

60
Q

Sampling techniques - purposive

A

When the researcher chooses participants who they think are appropriate to the research - who suit their target population

61
Q

Sampling techniques - quota

A

Where participants are selected to fill a quota, or amount

62
Q

Research methods - questionnaires

A

A research method usually sent out to gain both qualitative and quantatitive data in a written format

63
Q

Research methods - structured interviews

A

Where you go into an interview with a set list of questions and topics and you cannot deviate away from them.

64
Q

Research methods - statistical data (official and non official data)

A

Which can be analysed easily

65
Q

Research methods - content analysis

A

A research method used to analyse social life by interpreting words and images from documents

66
Q

Research methods - observations (participant)

A

Where the participant is part of the behaviour being observed

67
Q

Research methods - observations (non-participant)

A

Where the participant isn’t part of the behaviour being observed

68
Q

Research methods - observations (covert)

A

Where the person being observed is unaware they’re being watched

69
Q

Research methods - observations (overt)

A

Where the person being observed is aware they’re being observed

70
Q

Research methods - unstructured interviews

A

When you go into an interview with no set topics or questions

71
Q

Research methods - semi structured interviews

A

When you go into an interview with some topics and questions but can explore unusual answers

72
Q

Research methods - ethnography

A

Where the researcher observers society from the point of view of the subject…as if they were them

73
Q

Mixed methods - triangulation

A

Validating data through cross verification from two or more sources

74
Q

Mixed methods - methodological pluralism

A

Using multiple methods to gain both quantitative and qualitative data

75
Q

Social desirability

A

Where participants change how they act or their responses so they will be viewed favourably by others and won’t be judged

76
Q

Demand characteristics

A

A subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find, or how they’re meant to act

77
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Where individuals modify or improve their behaviour because they know their being observed

78
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy and master status

A

Sent to prison

Released from prison

Master status as criminal

Can’t find a job, marriage breaks down can’t make friends

Find other people who define themselves as criminals and status is accepted

Engages in criminal acts and gets cause by the police

Deviant label confirmed

REPEAT

79
Q

What are the steps to the selective filter model

A

Perception:
Audience chooses to accept the messages being conveyed, may accept some of the messages and ignore others

Retention:
Audience must remember the content for it to have an affect on them. We retain things we relate to/like/are shocking or peculiar

Exposure:
Audience has a choice to engage with the media content they’re exposed to, must choose to view/listen/read the content.

Sociology (2 decks)

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