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CH 17 Cardiovascular Emergencies > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

PMI point of maximal impulse

A

Palpable beat of the heart through the chest in the fifth left intercostal space on the midclavicular line

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2
Q

Epicardium

A

Same membrane that forms the outermost layer of heart

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3
Q

Pericardium

A

Tough fibrous sack that protects the heart and provides lubrication. The superficial layer is called the parietal pericardium, The deep layer is call the visceral pericardium. A potential space exists between the two layers

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4
Q

Left main coronary artery LMCA subdivides into…

A

LAD left anterior descending artery and LCx left circumflex coronary artery

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5
Q

RCA right coronary artery travels between the…

A

Right ventricle and right atrium by way of the atrioventricular groove

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6
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Groove that separates the atria from the ventricles

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7
Q

Name the 2 Atrioventricular valves

A

Mitral and tricuspid through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

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8
Q

Mitral valve is located

A

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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9
Q

Tricuspid valve is located…

A

Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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10
Q

Name the 2 Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valves

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11
Q

Semilunar valve is located…

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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12
Q

Aortic semilunar valve is located…

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

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13
Q

Atrial kick

A

The volume of blood pumped into the ventricles by the aorta

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14
Q

Preload

A

The volume of blood return to the heart, Also referred to as the pressure of venous return

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15
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure in aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood, increasing after load 10 decreased cardiac output

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16
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

The protective outer layer of vessels to provide strength to withstand high-pressure

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17
Q

Tunica media

A

The middle layer of elastic fibers of the vessels that gives strength and contractility

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18
Q

Tunica intima

A

The smooth interlining of vassals that is only one cell thick

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19
Q

Cardiac output CO

A

The amount of blood that is pumped out by either ventricle normal = 5 to 6 L per minute

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20
Q

Stroke volume SV

A

Amount of blood pumped out by either ventricle the single contraction. Normal= 60 to 100 mL

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21
Q

Heart rate HR

A

Number of contractions per minute

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22
Q

Ejection fraction EF

A

Percentage of blood that leaves the heart after each contraction. Normal = 55 to 70%

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23
Q

Frank starling mechanism

A

The ability of cardiac muscle when stretched, to contract with greater force. And therefore the more completely empties and the greater the stroke volume

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24
Q

If preload increases what happens according to this Frank starling mechanism

A

CO will increase

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25
Q

Inotropic

A

Affecting the contractility of muscle tissue

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26
Q

Chronotropic

A

Affecting the hearts rate of contraction

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27
Q

Dromotropic

A

Affecting the hearts rate of electrical conduction

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28
Q

The SA node receives blood from which artery

A

Right coronary artery. If RCA is occluded, the SA node will become ischemic

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29
Q

Internodal pathways

A

The three pathways of the electrical conduction system found in the atria that transmit the impulse from the SA node to the AV node. Bachman’s bundle, Wenkebach Tract, Thoral Tract

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30
Q

Where does the blood supply come from for the AV node

A

RCA

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31
Q

What is the distal portion of the AV node call

A

Bundle of His

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32
Q

Depolarization

A

The rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for muscle contraction transmission

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33
Q

What are the two phases of the refractory period

A

Absolute refractory - the heart is completely depolarized and unable to respond to stimulus
Relative refractory -the heart is partially repolarized and only able to partially contract

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34
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter that mediates the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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35
Q

Atropine

A

Opposes the action of acetylcholine to act as a parasympathetic blocker causing an increase in heart rate

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36
Q

What effect will a Beta agent have on the heart

A

Positive chronotropic inotropic and dromotropic effect

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37
Q

What affect will a Beta agent have on the vessels

A

Vasodilation

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38
Q

What effect will an Alpha agent have on the vessels

A

Vasoconstriction

39
Q

What affect will a Beta agent have on the bronchioles

A

Bronchodilation

40
Q

Beta 1 adrenergic agonist act on…

A

The heart

41
Q

Beta 2 adrenergic agonist act on…

A

The lungs

42
Q

Norepinephrine primarily acts on alpha receptors to…

A

Cause vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure due to vasodilation from neurogenic shock

43
Q

Epinephrine primarily acts beta receptors to…

A

Increase heart rate, dilate the bronchi, cause peripheral vasoconstriction.

44
Q

Dopamine is a sympathetic agent used to…

A

Increase renal perfusion, increased rate and force of myocardial contraction, constrict peripheral blood vessels

45
Q

Albuterol is a sympathetic beta-2 agent that causes…

A

Bronchodilation (1 heart, 2 lungs)

46
Q

What is the first part of patient assessment

A

Scene size up

47
Q

What are the four parts of the primary assessment

A
  1. Form general impression
  2. Airway breathing
  3. Circulation
  4. Transport decision
48
Q

What are the main components of the secondary assessment

A
  1. OPQRST
  2. SAMPLE
  3. Vitals
  4. Assess all body systems
49
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

A

An acute episode of shortness of breath that wakes the patient from sleep

50
Q

Orthopnea

A

Dyspnea that occurs when recumbent

51
Q

Digitalis preparations are prescribed for what?

A

Treatment of chronic CHF, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, SVT

52
Q

Pulse deficit

A

Situation in which the palpated radial pulse rate is less than the apical pulse rate: reported numerically as the difference between the two

53
Q

Pulses alternans

A

Impulse that alternates between strong and weak beats, characteristic of left ventricular systolic damage

54
Q

Pulsus paradoxes

A

Weakening or loss of the probable pulse during inhalation, equivalent to a drop in the systolic blood pressure of 10 mm or more common in pericardial tamponade or severe asthma

55
Q

Bipolar leads

A

Contain A positive and negative pole. I,II,III

56
Q

Augmented unipolar leads

A

Contain one true pole, while the other end of the lead is referenced against a combination of other leads. aVL, aVF, aVR

57
Q

Sinus dysrhythmia

A

Slight variation of the sinus rhythm that is usually > .12 sec between the longest and shortest cycles

58
Q

First degree heart block

A

The impulse reaching the AV node is delayed slightly longer than is expected and results in the PR interval of greater than .20 seconds

59
Q

Idioventricular rate occurs when…

A

The ventricles are responsible for producing the rhythm due to SA and AV node failure

60
Q

Axis deviation

A

A component of an ECG looks at the direction of travel for the electricity going through the heart as it depolarizes

61
Q

Bundle branch block

A

QRS complex of long-duration that signifies some abnormality in conduction through the ventricles

62
Q

Bifascicular block

A

Blockage in any combination of two of the fascicles or conduction pathways: RBBB and anterior hemiblock, or BBB and posterior hemlock, or anterior hemiblock and posterior hemiblock

63
Q

Trifascicular block

A

Blockage of all three components of the ventricular conduction system, with one working occasionally to provide AV conduction

64
Q

Preexcitation

A

Early depolarization of venricular tissue due to the presence of an accessory pathway between the atria and ventricles

65
Q

WPW and Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome

A

WPW - characterized by short PR intervals, Delta waves, nonspecific ST-T wave changes, indicating the presence of an accessory pathway
LGL - characterized by a short PRI and normal QRS is a disorder that causes preexcitation ventricular tissue

66
Q

What causes right atrial enlargement

A

And elevation in the returning venous pressure or high pulmonary pressure

67
Q

What causes left atrial enlargement

A

Systemic hypertension, mitral or aortic valve stenosis or an athletic heart

68
Q

What are the contiguous leads

A 
Leads that view geographically similar areas
Hoopers trick
Lateral View = I, aVL, V5, V6
Anterior View = V3, V4
Inferior View = II, III, aVF
Septal View = V1, V2
69
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

The process of dissolving blood clots

70
Q

Benign early repolarization

A

Early repolarization thought to be a normal variant, characterized by ST segment elevation, 80 fishhook appearance at the J point and concave ST segment morphology

71
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

A blood clot or foreign matter trapped within the pulmonary circulation

72
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Condition in which the myocardial walls become very thick. Causes SOB, Chest pain, syncope

73
Q

Brugada syndrome

A

Genetic disorder involving sodium channels in the heart; characterized by incomplete RBBB and ST segment elevation that aggressively returns to baseline

74
Q

Long QT syndrome

A

QT interval exceeding .45 s (12 boxes)

75
Q

Ischemia

A

Tissue deprived of oxygen

76
Q

Infarction

A

Dead tissue

77
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Cholesterol and calcium buildup inside deciles forming plaque which leads to blockage of bloodflow

78
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Arterial walls become thickened and inelastic

79
Q

Claudication

A

Severe pain in the calf caused by narrowing arteries

80
Q

Thromboembolism

A

Blood clot that has formed with in the blood vessel and is floating within the bloodstream

81
Q

Prinzmetal angina

A

Chest pain that occurs while at rest

82
Q

Unstable angina

A

Characterized by changing unpredictable pattern of pain

83
Q

Stable angina

A

Characterized by a pattern of predictable pain

84
Q

Transmural myocardial infarction

A

When an infarct extends through the entire wall of the ventricle

85
Q

Subendocardial myocardial infarction

A

When the ischemic process affects only the inner layer of muscle

86
Q

Percutaneous coronary intervention PCI

A

And alternative to fibrinolysis that involves peripheral artery recanalization to keep blocked coronary arteries open with balloons or stents

87
Q

Left sided heart failure

A

A condition in which the left ventricle cannot effectively pump leading to a backup of blood behind the left ventricle and eventually serum is forced out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the aveoli

88
Q

Right sided heart failure

A

Condition in which the right side has to work increasingly harder to pump blood into engorged pulmonary vessels which leads to an inability to keep up with the increased workload

89
Q

Becks triad

A

Combination of narrowing pulse pressure, Muffled heart tones, and JVD associated with cardiac Tampa not usually results from penetrating chest trauma

90
Q

Hypertensive emergency

A

Acute elevation of BP with evidence of end organ damage

91
Q

Hypertensive encephalopathy

A

Condition that may complicate any form of hypertension, which is usually signaled by a sudden marked prize in BP greater then 200/130. A.k.a. Acute hypertensive crisis

92
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endocardium

93
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium

CH 17 Cardiovascular Emergencies (3 decks)

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