Definitions Flashcards
(965 cards)
0
Q
a statement of the subject in which one or more intervals is adjusted to accommodate the harmony
A
tonal answer
1
Q
a rhythmic or melodic pattern repeated for an extended period
A
ostinato
2
Q
a highly structured, imitative contrapuntal composition
A
fugue
3
Q
baroque
A
- from the Portuguese “barroco” meaning irregularly shaped or misshapen pearl
- first uses as a derogatory term in reference to the overly ornate art of the era
- now applied to art, architecture, and music if the 17th and early 18th centuries
- 1600-1750
4
Q
word painting
A
- musical pictorialization
- music mirrors the literal meaning if the words
- achieved through melody, rhythm, or harmony
5
Q
classic form structure often used in sonata cycle
A
rondo form
6
Q
section B generally created contrast in key and/or material
A
ternary form
7
Q
method of tuning keyboard instruments
A
equal temperament
8
Q
binary form
A
- two-part form (AB)
- section A generally ends with open cadence
- frequently used in baroque dances and keyboard pieces
9
Q
provides the structure for guided improvisation
A
figured bass
10
Q
supported by only continuo
A
recitativo secco
11
Q
in the tonic key (fugue)
A
subject
12
Q
exposition
A
- the first main section in sonata form
- two contrasting themes are states
- the first theme is in the tonic key
- the second theme(s) are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major
13
Q
exposition
A
- the first main section in sonata form
- two contrasting themes are states
- the first theme is in the tonic key
- the second theme(s) are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major
14
Q
exposition
A
- the first main section in sonata form
- two contrasting themes are states
- the first theme is in the tonic key
- the second theme(s) are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major
15
Q
exposition
A
- the first main section in sonata form
- two contrasting themes are states
- the first theme is in the tonic key
- the second theme(s) are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major
16
Q
a baroque practice of changing dynamics abruptly
A
terraced dynamics
17
Q
first part-slow, homophonic texture, features dotted figures
A
French overture
18
Q
rounded binary form
A
- two-part musical form
* material from section A returns within section B
19
Q
music without extra-musical associations
A
absolute music
20
Q
rounded binary form
A
- two-part musical form
* material from section A returns within section B
21
Q
provided harmonic framework
A
basso continuo
22
Q
rounded binary form
A
- two-part musical form
* material from section A returns within section B
23
Q
program music
A
- significant trend in 19th century music
- instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
- descriptive title identifies the connection
- some works include a written text or “program” provided by the composer
24
allowed music to be performed "in tune" in all keys
equal temperament
25
consists of exposition, development, and recapitulation
sonata form
26
rounded binary form
* two-part musical form
| * material from section A returns within section B
27
program music
* significant trend in 19th century music
* instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
* descriptive title identifies the connection
* some works include a written text or "program" provided by the composer
28
a sustained note over which harmonies change
pedal point
29
demonstrated in symphoney, sonata, or concerto
sonata cycle
30
first developed at city if Louis XVI by Jean-Baptiste Lully
French overture
30
program music
* significant trend in 19th century music
* instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
* descriptive title identifies the connection
* some works include a written text or "program" provided by the composer
31
drone
* a sustained bass note that provide a rudimentary harmonic foundation
* common in folk music
32
program music
* significant trend in 19th century music
* instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
* descriptive title identifies the connection
* some works include a written text or "program" provided by the composer
34
terraced dynamics
* a baroque practice of changing dynamics abruptly
| * results in stark contrast rather than gradual change
35
delivers the text with clarity and emphasis
homorhythmic texture
36
episode
* a passage within a fugue in which neither subject nor answer is present
* frequently sequential
37
tonal answer
a statement of the subject in which one or more intervals is adjusted to accommodate the harmony
38
employed in opera, oratorio, and cantata
recitativo secco/accompagnato
39
tierce de Picardie
* a work in a minor key ends in the tonic major (raised 3rd)
| * a common mannerism in baroque music
40
a large-scale work for soloists, chorus, and orchestra
oratorio
41
one player per part
camber music
42
a baroque philosophy inspired by Ancient Greek and roman writers and orators
the "affections"
43
formal structure often used in first movement of sonata cycle
sonata form
44
Italian for "accompanied recitative
recitativo accompagnato
45
short melody for rhythmic idea
motive
46
popular instrumental genre of the baroque era for soloist and orchestra
solo concerto
47
musical pictorialization
word painting
48
sonata form
* formal structure often used in the first movement of sonata cycle
* consists of exposition, developments, and recapitulation
* also known as sonata-allegro form
49
short melody for rhythmic idea
motive
50
absolute music title ex.
* Sonata
* Allegretto
* Menuet
* Rondo
51
a work in a minor key ends in the tonic major (raised 3rd)
tierce de Picardie
52
Italian for "robbed time"
rubato
53
short melody for rhythmic idea
motive
54
also known as sonata-allegro form
sonata form
55
new themes may also be introduced
development
56
real answer
an exact transposition of the subject
57
pedal point
a sustained note over which harmonies change
58
Italian for "robbed time"
rubato
60
the first theme (exposition)
is in the tonic key
61
a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
Does Irae
62
a baroque orchestral genre
French overture
63
new themes may also be introduced
development
64
first movement usually in sonata form (chamber-music)
string quartet
65
the musical setting if a poem
art song
66
19th century multi-mouvement orchestral work
programme symphony
67
libretto
* the text of an opera, oratorio, or cantata
| * usually written by someone other than the composer
68
Italian for "robbed time"
rubato
69
Italian for "realism"
verismo
70
generic ties reflecting tempos, genres, or forms
absolute music
71
characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
habañera
72
String Quartet significance
* "Quinten" cones from "quintus" fifth in Latin.
| * The bold descending fifths in the first violin part in the opening measures for the first movement
73
a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
theme and variations
74
a speech-like, declamatory style of singing
recitativo secco/accompagnato
75
the first theme (exposition)
is in the tonic key
76
a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
Does Irae
77
new themes may also be introduced
development
78
a sustained bass note that provides a rudimentary harmonic foundation
drone
79
first movement usually in sonata form (chamber-music)
string quartet
80
modelled After 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
program symphony
81
first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
recapitulation
82
String Quartet genre
string quartet
83
serenade
* multi-movement orchestral genre
* for small orchestra of chamber ensemble
* popular instrumental genre in the classical era
* often performed in aristocratic social settings and at outdoor events
84
the musical setting if a poem
art song
85
19th century multi-mouvement orchestral work
programme symphony
86
A :||: B + A :||
rounded binary form diagram
87
usually performed without a conductor
chamber music
88
short melody for rhythmic idea
motive
89
Italian for "realism"
verismo
91
includes a descriptive title
program music/symphony
92
characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
habañera
93
some works include a written text provided by the composer
program music
94
modulation and increased harmonic tension
development
95
String Quartet significance
* "Quinten" cones from "quintus" fifth in Latin.
| * The bold descending fifths in the first violin part in the opening measures for the first movement
96
often proud and majestic in character
polonaise
97
often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
rocket theme
98
a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
theme and variations
99
a device used frequently by Puccini
violinata
100
Latin for "tail"
coda (cauda)
101
the first theme (exposition)
is in the tonic key
102
a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
Does Irae
103
modified strophic
* a song structure which allows for some repetition
| * some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
104
verismo
* Italian for "realism"
* opera style that became popular in Italy during the 1890s and early 1900s
* story line often project a gritty realism which usually ends violently
* Puccini was the master of this style
105
ritornello form
* a structure employed in the first and third movements of the baroque concerto
* the opening passage is restated throughout the movement
106
two-part musical form (not binary)
rounded binary
107
ophicléide
* brass instrument, now obsolete
| * predecessor if the tuba
108
overlapping subject entries in close succession
stretto
109
first movement usually in sonata form (chamber-music)
string quartet
110
the musical setting if a poem
art song
111
modelled After 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
program symphony
112
first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
recapitulation
113
art song
* the musical setting of a poem
| * for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
114
String Quartet genre
string quartet
115
characterized by unresolved dissonance
atonality
116
serenade
* multi-movement orchestral genre
* for small orchestra of chamber ensemble
* popular instrumental genre in the classical era
* often performed in aristocratic social settings and at outdoor events
117
strings quartet
* the most important chamber-music genre of the classic era
* performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
* usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast
* first movement usually sonata form
118
pentatonic scale
* a scale consisting of 5 different pitches
* easily rendered by playing the 5 black keys on the piano
* common to the folk music of many European and Asian cultures
119
derived from French glisser, "to slide"
glissando
120
popular instrumental genre in the classical era
serenade
121
descriptive title identifies the connection
program music
122
19th century multi-mouvement orchestral work
programme symphony
123
in Symphonie Fantastique, represents "the beloved"
idée fixe
125
a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
portamento
126
performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
string quartet
127
A :||: B + A :||
rounded binary form diagram
128
nationalism in music
* important element of the 19th century musical style
* patriotism expressed through music
* influence of folk song and dance, myths and legends, landscapes, historical events
129
produce a gentle ringing sound when struck together (small brass disks)
antique cymbals
131
Italian for "air"
aria
132
the second main section in sonata form
development
133
modal scales
* use of scales in which the pattern of whole and half steps is different from conventional major and minor scales
* common in music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance; rediscovered by 20th century composers
134
String Quartet op. no.
op.76, no.2
135
some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
modified strophic
136
brass instrument, now obsolete
ophicléide
137
Italian for "realism"
verismo
138
section A recurs, with alternating sections creating contrast
rondo form
139
characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
habañera
140
includes a descriptive title
program music/symphony
141
aria
* Italian for "air"
* a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
* highly emotional, often virtuosic
* may have lyrical or dramatic character
142
String Quartet significance
* "Quinten" cones from "quintus" fifth in Latin.
| * The bold descending fifths in the first violin part in the opening measures for the first movement
143
some works include a written text provided by the composer
program music
144
modulation and increased harmonic tension
development
145
a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
theme and variations
146
often proud and majestic in character
polonaise
147
often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
rocket theme
148
a scale consisting of 5 different pitches
pentatonic scale
149
habañera
* Cuban dance-song
* 2/4
* characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
150
originally a vocal technique
portamento
151
sonata cycle
* emerged in the classical era
* multi-movement structure
* demonstrated in symphony, sonata, or concerto
152
a device used frequently by Puccini
violinata
153
program symphony
* 19th-century multi-movement orchestral work
* models after 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
* includes a descriptive title
* accompanying text often outlines the program
154
on the harp, a quick strumming of all the strings with a broad seeping hand
glissando
155
String Quartet composer
Franz Joseph Haydn
156
Latin for "tail"
coda (cauda)
157
drama that is sung
opera
158
pertains to highest level of excellence
classicism
159
two-part form (AB)
binary form
160
modified strophic
* a song structure which allows for some repetition
| * some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
161
the simultaneous use of two or more tonal centres
polytonality
162
most important chamber-music genre of the classical era
string quartet
163
instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
program music
164
Italian for "with the wood"
col legno
165
Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
scherzo and trio
166
rubato
* Italian for "robbed time"
* rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
* an expressive device for interpreting music
167
exoticism in music
* important element of the 19th century music style
* fascination with foreign lands and cultures
* evoked through melody, rhythm, harmony, and orchestration
168
drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (Mass for the Dead)
Dies Irae
169
verismo
* Italian for "realism"
* opera style that became popular in Italy during the 1890s and early 1900s
* story line often project a gritty realism which usually ends violently
* Puccini was the master of this style
170
accompanying text often outlines the _______
program
171
French literary movement of the late 19th century
symbolism
172
Italian for "robbed time"
rubato
173
two-part musical form (not binary)
rounded binary
174
atonality
* the total absence of any tonal centre
| * characterized by unresolved dissonance
175
French for "bells"
cloches
176
ophicléide
* brass instrument, now obsolete
| * predecessor if the tuba
177
through-composed
durchkomponiert
180
modelled After 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
program symphony
181
staging and acting
drama
182
creates beautiful, shimmering effect
glissando
183
often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
polonaise
184
first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
recapitulation
185
Dorian, Lydian, Mixolydian
modal scales
186
String Quartet genre
string quartet
187
an expressive device for interpreting music
rubato
188
art song
* the musical setting of a poem
| * for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
189
writers includes Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé
symbolism
190
stresses the beauty of the word itself
symbolism
191
serenade
* multi-movement orchestral genre
* for small orchestra of chamber ensemble
* popular instrumental genre in the classical era
* often performed in aristocratic social settings and at outdoor events
192
characterized by unresolved dissonance
atonality
193
baroque year
1600-1750
194
orchestral doubling of the vocal
| l
violinata
195
innovative orchestral colours in Impressionism
* individual treatment of instruments
| * muted instruments
196
String Quartet background
1. genre
2. date
3. composer
4. structure
5. op. no.
6. significance of title
7. performing forces
8. cause
197
2/4 time
habañera
198
new themes may also be introduced
development
199
adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
portamento
200
the first main section in sonata form
exposition
201
rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio
rocket theme
202
scherzo and trio
* Italian for "jest" or "joke"
* Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
* in triple meter
* generally more dramatic than the elegant Menuet
* could be humorous or ironic
203
strings quartet
* the most important chamber-music genre of the classic era
* performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
* usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast
* first movement usually sonata form
204
pentatonic scale
* a scale consisting of 5 different pitches
* easily rendered by playing the 5 black keys on the piano
* common to the folk music of many European and Asian cultures
205
one of the most popular forms of orchestral program music
symphonic poem
206
rounded binary form diagram
A :||: B + A :||
207
symphonic poem
* one of the most popular forms of orchestral program
* single movement work, generally in free form, with literary or pictorial associations
* invented by Franz lIszt
208
single work, generally in free form, with literary or pictorial associations
symphonic poem
209
derived from French glisser, "to slide"
glissando
210
changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestra
theme and variations
211
popular instrumental genre in the classical era
serenade
212
often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
theme and variations
213
rocket theme
* rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio
| * often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
214
polytonality
the simultaneous use of two or more tonal centres
215
descriptive title identifies the connection
program music
216
graceful, elegant character
Menuet and trio
217
in Symphonie Fantastique, represents "the beloved"
idée fixe
218
highly stylized type of dance which often interprets a story
ballet
219
authors sought to suggest subject matter rather than depict it specifically
symbolism
220
suggests images rather than directly depicting
Impressionism in music
221
A :||: B + A :||
rounded binary form diagram
222
a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
portamento
223
Cuban dance-song
habañera
224
French pitched percussion instrument
cloches
225
performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
string quartet
227
nationalism in music
* important element of the 19th century musical style
* patriotism expressed through music
* influence of folk song and dance, myths and legends, landscapes, historical events
228
produce a gentle ringing sound when struck together (small brass disks)
antique cymbals
229
also known as "pure music"
absolute music
230
Italian for "air"
aria
231
the second main section in sonata form
development
232
invented by Franz Liszt
symphonic poem
233
modal scales
* use of scales in which the pattern of whole and half steps is different from conventional major and minor scales
* common in music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance; rediscovered by 20th century composers
234
String Quartet op. no.
op.76, no.2
235
first developed in the 17th century T the court of Louis XIV
ballet
236
symbolism
* French literary movement of the late 19th century
* symbolist writers include Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé
* authors sought to suggest subject matter rather than depict it directly
* stresses the beauty of the word itself
237
some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
modified strophic
238
brass instrument, now obsolete
ophicléide
239
ballet
* highly stylized type of dance which often interprets a story
* first developed in the 17th century at the court of Louis XIV
* Russian dancers dominated the scene throughout most of 20th century
240
serves as a unifying thread in a multi-mouvement composition
idée fixe
241
players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
col legno
242
19th-century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
Dies Irae
243
Does Irae
* Latin for "day of wrath"
* a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
* drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (mass for the Dead)
* 19th century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
244
costume and scenery
visual arts
245
employs expanded harmonic vocabulary
Impressionism in music
247
the first theme (exposition)
is in the tonic key
248
includes a descriptive title
program music/symphony
249
Viennese school
* refers to the musical style forged by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven and their contemporaries
* in the late 17th century, Vienna flourished as a musical centre
250
creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
cyclical structure
251
aria
* Italian for "air"
* a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
* highly emotional, often virtuosic
* may have lyrical or dramatic character
252
some works include a written text provided by the composer
program music
253
a collection if arts songs united by a central theme or narrative thread
song cycle
254
modulation and increased harmonic tension
development
255
use of scales in which the pattern of whole and half steps is different from conventional major and minor scales
modal scales
256
the total absence of any tonal centre
atonality
257
basso continuo
* baroque performance practice
* generally involves two performers-one playing the notated bass line, one realizing the figured bass harmonies
* harmonies usually played on harpsichord or organ
* provided harmonic framework
258
prelude (in opera)
* an orchestral work serving as an introduction to an opera
* used from mid-19th century in place of traditional overture
* no prescribed form
* often included themes to be heard later in opera
259
a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
aria
260
often proud and majestic in character
polonaise
261
romanticism
* origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that served as inspiration for art and music
* reaction against classicism
* emphasis in creative imagination and expression of emotions
262
portamento
* Italian for "carrying"
* a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
* originally a vocal technique
* adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
263
often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
rocket theme
264
reflects French artistic movement
Impressionism in music
265
modal scales ex.
Dorian, Lydian, Mixolydian
266
glissando
* derived from French glisser, "to slide"
* on a harp, a quick strumming of all the strings with a broad sweeping hand movement
* creates beautiful, shimmering effect
267
important element of the 19th century musical style
exoticism/nationalism in music
268
a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
Does Irae
269
consists of recitative, arias, ensembles, and choruses
* oratorio
| * opera
270
a scale consisting of 5 different pitches
pentatonic scale
271
coda
* Latin for "tail" (cauda)
| * a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
272
consists of 6 different pitches, all spaces a whole tone apart
whole-tone scale
273
habañera
* Cuban dance-song
* 2/4
* characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
274
a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
durchkomponiert
275
originally a vocal technique
portamento
276
a device used frequently by Puccini
violinata
277
Latin for "tail"
coda (cauda)
278
recapitulation
* the third main section in sonata form
| * first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
279
used from mid-19th century in place of traditional overture
prelude (in opera)
280
French instrument that emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
cloches
281
program symphony
* 19th-century multi-movement orchestral work
* models after 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
* includes a descriptive title
* accompanying text often outlines the program
282
often included themes to be heard later in the opera
prelude (in opera)
283
a song structure which allows for some repetition of music
modified strophic
284
col legno
* Italian for "with the wood"
* novel string effect invented by Berlioz
* players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
285
features innovative orchestral colours
Impressionism in music
286
on the harp, a quick strumming of all the strings with a broad seeping hand
glissando
287
String Quartet composer
Franz Joseph Haydn
288
first movement usually in sonata form (chamber-music)
string quartet
288
the musical setting if a poem
art song
288
19th century multi-mouvement orchestral work
programme symphony
289
violinata
* orchestral doubling of the vocal line
| * a device used frequently by Puccini
290
story line often protect a gritty realism which usually ends violently
verismo
291
* whole tone, modal, pentatonic scales
| * parallel chords
expanded harmonic Language in Impressionism
292
drama that is sung
opera
293
String Quartet significance
* "Quinten" cones from "quintus" fifth in Latin.
| * The bold descending fifths in the first violin part in the opening measures for the first movement
294
Italian for "jest" or "joke"
scherzo and trio
295
modified strophic
* a song structure which allows for some repetition
| * some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
296
verismo
* Italian for "realism"
* opera style that became popular in Italy during the 1890s and early 1900s
* story line often project a gritty realism which usually ends violently
* Puccini was the master of this style
297
durchkomponiert
* a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
* as a result, melody, harmony, and piano accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
298
the simultaneous use of two or more tonal centres
polytonality
299
Impressionism in music
* reflects French artistic movement
* employs expanded harmonic vocabulary
* suggests images rather than directly depicting
* features innovative orchestral colour
* obscuring of metric pulse
300
most important chamber-music genre of the classical era
string quartet
301
a non-traditional scale employed by composers of the late 19th and 20th centuries
whole-tone scale
302
May have lyrical or dramatic character
aria
303
String Quartet cause
commissioned by Joseph Erdödy
304
chromaticism
* from Greek "khroma" for colour
* extensive use of notes outside the prevailing key signature
* increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
305
instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
program music
306
song cycle
* a collection of art songs united by a central theme or narrative thread
* intended to be performed together
307
Italian for "with the wood"
col legno
308
an orchestral work, serving as an introduction to an opera
prelude (in opera)
309
Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
scherzo and trio
310
small brass disks (finger cymbals)
antique cymbals
311
rubato
* Italian for "robbed time"
* rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
* an expressive device for interpreting music
312
common in music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance; rediscovered by 20th century composers
modal scales
313
cloches
* French for "bells"
* pitched percussion instrument
* emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
314
String Quartet performing forces
violin I, violin II, viola, cello
315
exoticism in music
* important element of the 19th century music style
* fascination with foreign lands and cultures
* evoked through melody, rhythm, harmony, and orchestration
316
drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (Mass for the Dead)
Dies Irae
317
chamber music
* music for small ensemble (two to ten players)
* one player per part
* usually performed without a conductor
318
accompanying text often outlines the _______
program
319
French literary movement of the late 19th century
symbolism
320
two-part musical form (not binary)
rounded binary
321
ophicléide
* brass instrument, now obsolete
| * predecessor if the tuba
322
atonality
* the total absence of any tonal centre
| * characterized by unresolved dissonance
323
French for "bells"
cloches
324
from Greek "khroma" for colour
chromaticism
325
Italian for "carrying"
portamento
326
increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
chromaticism
327
expanded harmonic language in Impressionism
* whole tone, modal, pentatonic scales
| * parallel chords
328
a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
idée fixe
329
whole-tone scale
* a non-traditional scale employed by composers of the late 19th and 20th centuries
* consists of 6 different pitches, all spaced a whole tone apart
330
antique cymbals
* small brass disks (finger cymbals)
| * produce a gentle ringing sound when struck together
331
cyclical structure
* material heard in one nice end recurs in later movements
| * creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
332
French overture
* a baroque orchestral genre
* first developed at court if Louis XVI by Jean-Baptiste Lully
* generally in two parts
* first part-slow, homophonic texture, features dotted figures
* second part-fast, imitative
333
through-composed
durchkomponiert
334
a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
theme and variations
335
a term used to denote they're if the full orchestra in the baroque concerto
ripieno
337
staging and acting
drama
338
creates beautiful, shimmering effect
glissando
339
Latin for "day of wrath"
Dies Irae
340
often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
polonaise
341
first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
recapitulation
341
String Quartet genre
string quartet
342
rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
rubato
343
significant trend in 19th century music
program music
344
Dorian, Lydian, Mixolydian
modal scales
345
art song
* the musical setting of a poem
| * for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
346
development
* the second main section in sonata form
* themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changed to orchestration
* modulations and increased harmonic tension
* new themes may also be introduced
347
common to the folk music of many European and Asian cultures
pentatonic scale
348
fascination with foreign lands and cultures
exoticism in music
349
novel string effect invented by Berlioz
col lengo
350
an expressive device for interpreting music
rubato
351
serenade
* multi-movement orchestral genre
* for small orchestra of chamber ensemble
* popular instrumental genre in the classical era
* often performed in aristocratic social settings and at outdoor events
352
writers includes Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé
symbolism
353
no prescribed form
prelude (in opera)
354
idée fixe
* French for "fixed idea"
* devised by Berlioz
* a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
* serves as a unifying thread in a multi-movement composition
* in Symphonie Fantastique, represents "the beloved"
355
stresses the beauty of the word itself
symbolism
356
combines vocal and instrument with drama, visual arts, and often dance
opera
357
Lied(er)
* the musical setting of a German poem
* for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
* flourished in the 19th century
358
Russian dancers dominated the scene throughout most of the 20th century
ballet
359
characterized by unresolved dissonance
atonality
360
romantic year
1825-1900
361
multi-movement orchestral genre (aristocratic setting)
serenade
362
as a result, melody, harmony, and accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
durchkomponiert
364
baroque year
1600-1750
365
French for "fixed idea"
idée fixe
366
evoked through melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestration
exoticism in music
367
orchestral doubling of the vocal
| l
violinata
368
innovative orchestral colours in Impressionism
* individual treatment of instruments
| * muted instruments
369
a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
aria
370
String Quartet background
1. genre
2. date
3. composer
4. structure
5. op. no.
6. significance of title
7. performing forces
8. cause
371
2/4 time
habañera
372
in triple meter
Menuet/scherzo and trio
373
intended to be performed together
song cycle
374
strings quartet
* the most important chamber-music genre of the classic era
* performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
* usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast
* first movement usually sonata form
375
created in Italy around 1600
opera
376
adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
portamento
377
the first main section in sonata form
exposition
378
rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio
rocket theme
379
opera
* drama that is sung
* combines vocal and instrumental music with drama, visual arts, and often dance
* components include recitative, arias, ensembles, and choruses
* created in Italy around 1600
380
devised by Berlioz
idée fixe
381
durchkomponiert English
through-composed
382
scherzo and trio
* Italian for "jest" or "joke"
* Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
* in triple meter
* generally more dramatic than the elegant Menuet
* could be humorous or ironic
383
pentatonic scale
* a scale consisting of 5 different pitches
* easily rendered by playing the 5 black keys on the piano
* common to the folk music of many European and Asian cultures
384
derived from French glisser, "to slide"
glissando
385
one of the most popular forms of orchestral program music
symphonic poem
386
obscuring if metric pulse
Impressionism in music
387
rounded binary form diagram
A :||: B + A :||
388
opera style that became popular in Italy during the 1890s to early 1900s
verismo
389
symphonic poem
* one of the most popular forms of orchestral program
* single movement work, generally in free form, with literary or pictorial associations
* invented by Franz lIszt
390
more dramatic than elegant (triple meter)
scherzo and trio
391
origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that served as inspiration for art and music
romanticism
392
single work, generally in free form, with literary or pictorial associations
symphonic poem
393
popular instrumental genre in the classical era
serenade
394
changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestra
theme and variations
395
descriptive title identifies the connection
program music
396
often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
theme and variations
397
rocket theme
* rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio
| * often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
398
* individual treatment of instruments
| * muted instruments
innovative orchestral colours in Impressionism
399
polonaise
* stately polish dance on triplet meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
* often proud and majestic in character
* often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
400
polytonality
the simultaneous use of two or more tonal centres
401
the most common song type in baroque opera and oratorio
da capo aria
402
in Symphonie Fantastique, represents "the beloved"
idée fixe
403
String Quartet date
1797
404
themes and variations
* a melody us stated then goes through a series of transformations
* changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestra
* often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
405
A :||: B + A :||
rounded binary form diagram
406
for small orchestra or chamber ensemble (aristocratic setting)
serenade
407
highly stylized type of dance which often interprets a story
ballet
408
predecessor of the tube
ophicléide
409
authors sought to suggest subject matter rather than depict it specifically
symbolism
410
suggests images rather than directly depicting
Impressionism in music
411
a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
portamento
412
performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
string quartet
413
motive
* a short melodic or rhythmic idea
| * smallest unit used to form a melody or theme
414
Cuban dance-song
habañera
415
French pitched percussion instrument
cloches
416
the owning passage is restated throughout the movement
ritornello
417
nationalism in music
* important element of the 19th century musical style
* patriotism expressed through music
* influence of folk song and dance, myths and legends, landscapes, historical events
418
produce a gentle ringing sound when struck together (small brass disks)
antique cymbals
419
includes a descriptive title
program music/symphony
420
extensive use of notes outside the prevailing key
chromaticism
421
Italian for "air"
aria
422
the second main section in sonata form
development
423
modal scales
* use of scales in which the pattern of whole and half steps is different from conventional major and minor scales
* common in music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance; rediscovered by 20th century composers
424
invented by Franz Liszt
symphonic poem
425
String Quartet op. no.
op.76, no.2
426
easily rendered by playing the 5 black keys on the piano
pentatonic scale
427
smallest unit used to form a melody or theme
motive
428
some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
modified strophic
429
first developed in the 17th century T the court of Louis XIV
ballet
430
symbolism
* French literary movement of the late 19th century
* symbolist writers include Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé
* authors sought to suggest subject matter rather than depict it directly
* stresses the beauty of the word itself
431
could be humours or ironic
scherzo and trio
432
brass instrument, now obsolete
ophicléide
433
some works include a written text provided by the composer
program music
434
ballet
* highly stylized type of dance which often interprets a story
* first developed in the 17th century at the court of Louis XIV
* Russian dancers dominated the scene throughout most of 20th century
435
serves as a unifying thread in a multi-mouvement composition
idée fixe
436
stately polish dance in triple meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
polonaise
437
players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
col legno
438
19th-century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
Dies Irae
439
Does Irae
* Latin for "day of wrath"
* a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
* drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (mass for the Dead)
* 19th century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
440
costume and scenery
visual arts
441
employs expanded harmonic vocabulary
Impressionism in music
443
classicism
* pertains to the highest level of excellence
* possessing enduring value or timeless quality
* refers to the cultures of Ancient Rome and Greece as well as the art, architecture, and music of the late 18th century
* emphasis in symmetry, balance, and proportion
444
music for small ensemble (two to ten players)
chamber music
445
aria
* Italian for "air"
* a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
* highly emotional, often virtuosic
* may have lyrical or dramatic character
446
creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
cyclical structure
447
often proud and majestic in character
polonaise
448
themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changes to the orchestra
development
449
first used as a derogatory term in reference to the overly ornate art of the era
Baroque
450
a collection if arts songs united by a central theme or narrative thread
song cycle
451
frequently used in baroque dances and keyboard pieces
binary form
452
strophic
* a song structure where the same music is performed for each verse of the poem
* as a result, little connection can be achieved between the words and music
453
use of scales in which the pattern of whole and half steps is different from conventional major and minor scales
modal scales
454
a song structure where the same music is performed for each verse of the poem
strophic
455
the total absence of any tonal centre
atonality
456
modulation and increased harmonic tension
development
457
prelude (in opera)
* an orchestral work serving as an introduction to an opera
* used from mid-19th century in place of traditional overture
* no prescribed form
* often included themes to be heard later in opera
458
a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
aria
459
modern year
1900-present
460
as a result, lite connection can be achieved between the words and music
strophic
461
usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast (chamber-music)
string orchestra
462
Puccini was the master of this style
verismo
464
emphasis ob creative imagination and expression of emotions
romanticism
465
the art of designs the dance steps and movements in a ballet (or musical)
choreography
466
habañera
* Cuban dance-song
* 2/4
* characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
467
Cuban dance-song
habañera
468
characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
habañera
469
romanticism
* origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that served as inspiration for art and music
* reaction against classicism
* emphasis in creative imagination and expression of emotions
470
portamento
* Italian for "carrying"
* a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
* originally a vocal technique
* adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
471
often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
rocket theme
472
reflects French artistic movement
Impressionism in music
473
modal scales ex.
Dorian, Lydian, Mixolydian
474
glissando
* derived from French glisser, "to slide"
* on a harp, a quick strumming of all the strings with a broad sweeping hand movement
* creates beautiful, shimmering effect
475
important element of the 19th century musical style
exoticism/nationalism in music
476
reaction against classicism
romanticism
477
a scale consisting of 5 different pitches
pentatonic scale
478
material from section A returns within Section B
rounded binary form
479
for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
* art song
| * Lied(er)
480
consists of recitative, arias, ensembles, and choruses
* oratorio
| * opera
481
is in the tonic key (exposition)
first theme
482
habañera
* Cuban dance-song
* 2/4
* characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
483
coda
* Latin for "tail" (cauda)
| * a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
484
consists of 6 different pitches, all spaces a whole tone apart
whole-tone scale
485
originally a vocal technique
portamento
486
a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
durchkomponiert
487
Latin for "tail"
coda (cauda)
487
modified strophic
* a song structure which allows for some repetition
| * some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
488
ophicléide
* brass instrument, now obsolete
| * predecessor if the tuba
489
program symphony
* 19th-century multi-movement orchestral work
* models after 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
* includes a descriptive title
* accompanying text often outlines the program
490
recapitulation
* the third main section in sonata form
| * first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
491
used from mid-19th century in place of traditional overture
prelude (in opera)
492
French instrument that emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
cloches
493
on the harp, a quick strumming of all the strings with a broad seeping hand
glissando
494
classical year
1759-1825
495
often included themes to be heard later in the opera
prelude (in opera)
496
a song structure which allows for some repetition of music
modified strophic
497
col legno
* Italian for "with the wood"
* novel string effect invented by Berlioz
* players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
498
the second theme(s) (exposition)
are in a contrasting key; generally in he dominant or relative major
499
features innovative orchestral colours
Impressionism in music
500
String Quartet composer
Franz Joseph Haydn
501
two-part musical form (not binary)
rounded binary
502
lest developed in the 17th century at the court of Louis XIV
ballet
503
Russian dancers dominated this scene through most of the 20th century
ballet
504
choreography
the art of designing the dance steps and movements in a valley (or musical)
505
highly emotional, often virtuosic
aria
506
drama that is sung
opera
507
violinata
* orchestral doubling of the vocal line
| * a device used frequently by Puccini
508
story line often protect a gritty realism which usually ends violently
verismo
509
visual arts
costume and scenery
510
* whole tone, modal, pentatonic scales
| * parallel chords
expanded harmonic Language in Impressionism
511
material heard in one movement recurs in later movements
cyclical structure
512
homorhythmic
* all voices sing the same rhythm
* results in a blocked chordal texture (homophonic)
* delivers the text with clarity and emphasis
514
genre often performed in aristocratic social settings and outdoor events
serenade
515
are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major (exposition)
the second theme(s)
516
two contrasting themes are stated
exposition
517
Italian for "jest" or "joke"
scherzo and trio
518
usually in the dominant (fugue)
answer
519
the simultaneous use of two or more tonal centres
polytonality
520
durchkomponiert
* a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
* as a result, melody, harmony, and piano accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
521
most important chamber-music genre of the classical era
string quartet
522
Impressionism in music
* reflects French artistic movement
* employs expanded harmonic vocabulary
* suggests images rather than directly depicting
* features innovative orchestral colour
* obscuring of metric pulse
523
instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
program music
524
a non-traditional scale employed by composers of the late 19th and 20th centuries
whole-tone scale
525
May have lyrical or dramatic character
aria
526
String Quartet cause
commissioned by Joseph Erdödy
527
chromaticism
* from Greek "khroma" for colour
* extensive use of notes outside the prevailing key signature
* increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
528
Italian for "with the wood"
col legno
529
song cycle
* a collection of art songs united by a central theme or narrative thread
* intended to be performed together
530
Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
scherzo and trio
531
an orchestral work, serving as an introduction to an opera
prelude (in opera)
532
rubato
* Italian for "robbed time"
* rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
* an expressive device for interpreting music
533
small brass disks (finger cymbals)
antique cymbals
534
exoticism in music
* important element of the 19th century music style
* fascination with foreign lands and cultures
* evoked through melody, rhythm, harmony, and orchestration
535
common in music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance; rediscovered by 20th century composers
modal scales
536
cloches
* French for "bells"
* pitched percussion instrument
* emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
537
String Quartet performing forces
violin I, violin II, viola, cello
538
drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (Mass for the Dead)
Dies Irae
539
String Quartet structure
4 movements
540
art song
* the musical setting of a poem
| * for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
541
accompanying text often outlines the _______
program
542
French literary movement of the late 19th century
symbolism
543
trio
a contrasting middle section
544
ostinato
* Italian for "obstinate" or "persistent"
| * a rhythmic or melodic pattern repeated for an esters period
545
atonality
* the total absence of any tonal centre
| * characterized by unresolved dissonance
546
French for "bells"
cloches
547
in Symphonie Fantastique, represents "the beloved"
idée fixe
548
from Greek "khroma" for colour
chromaticism
549
a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
coda
550
Italian for "carrying"
portamento
551
increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
chromaticism
552
expanded harmonic language in Impressionism
* whole tone, modal, pentatonic scales
| * parallel chords
553
a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
idée fixe
554
whole-tone scale
* a non-traditional scale employed by composers of the late 19th and 20th centuries
* consists of 6 different pitches, all spaced a whole tone apart
555
antique cymbals
* small brass disks (finger cymbals)
| * produce a gentle ringing sound when struck together
556
cyclical structure
* material heard in one nice end recurs in later movements
| * creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
557
through-composed
durchkomponiert
558
strings quartet
* the most important chamber-music genre of the classic era
* performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
* usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast
* first movement usually sonata form
558
a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
portamento
559
a group of notes sung on a single syllable/vowel
melisma
559
popular instrumental genre in the classical era
serenade
560
descriptive title identifies the connection
program music
561
staging and acting
drama
562
String Quartet #background
8
563
creates beautiful, shimmering effect
glissando
564
often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
polonaise
565
Latin for "day of wrath"
Dies Irae
566
refers to the cultures of ancient Rome and Greece as well as the art, architecture, and music of theatre 18th century
classicism
567
Dorian, Lydian, Mixolydian
modal scales
568
rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
rubato
569
significant trend in 19th century music
program music
570
Menuet
a stylized dance of French origin developed in the baroque era
570
performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
string quartet
571
an expressive device for interpreting music
rubato
572
development
* the second main section in sonata form
* themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changed to orchestration
* modulations and increased harmonic tension
* new themes may also be introduced
573
common to the folk music of many European and Asian cultures
pentatonic scale
574
fascination with foreign lands and cultures
exoticism in music
575
the third main section in sonata form
recapitulation
576
novel string effect invented by Berlioz
col lengo
577
absolute music
* music without extra-musical associations
* also known as "pure music"
* generic titles reflecting tempos, genres, or forms
578
writers includes Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé
symbolism
579
stresses the beauty of the word itself
symbolism
580
no prescribed form
prelude (in opera)
581
idée fixe
* French for "fixed idea"
* devised by Berlioz
* a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
* serves as a unifying thread in a multi-movement composition
* in Symphonie Fantastique, represents "the beloved"
583
combines vocal and instrument with drama, visual arts, and often dance
opera
584
Lied(er)
* the musical setting of a German poem
* for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
* flourished in the 19th century
585
Russian dancers dominated the scene throughout most of the 20th century
ballet
586
was a reaction against the complex polyphony if Renaissance music
the "affections"
587
romantic year
1825-1900
588
multi-movement orchestral genre (aristocratic setting)
serenade
589
as a result, melody, harmony, and accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
durchkomponiert
590
baroque year
1600-1750
591
orchestral doubling of the vocal
| l
violinata
592
French for "fixed idea"
idée fixe
593
evoked through melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestration
exoticism in music
594
innovative orchestral colours in Impressionism
* individual treatment of instruments
| * muted instruments
595
String Quartet background
1. genre
2. date
3. composer
4. structure
5. op. no.
6. significance of title
7. performing forces
8. cause
596
a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
aria
597
2/4 time
habañera
598
some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
modified strophic
599
drama
staging and acting
600
in triple meter
Menuet/scherzo and trio
601
intended to be performed together
song cycle
602
adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
portamento
603
created in Italy around 1600
opera
604
the first main section in sonata form
exposition
605
highly stylized type of dance which often interprets a story
ballet
606
rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio
rocket theme
607
scherzo and trio
* Italian for "jest" or "joke"
* Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
* in triple meter
* generally more dramatic than the elegant Menuet
* could be humorous or ironic
608
opera
* drama that is sung
* combines vocal and instrumental music with drama, visual arts, and often dance
* components include recitative, arias, ensembles, and choruses
* created in Italy around 1600
609
devised by Berlioz
idée fixe
610
durchkomponiert English
through-composed
611
nationalism in music
* important element of the 19th century musical style
* patriotism expressed through music
* influence of folk song and dance, myths and legends, landscapes, historical events
612
often paired with a fugue
prelude
612
brass instrument, now obsolete
ophicléide
613
one of the most popular forms of orchestral program music
symphonic poem
614
rounded binary form diagram
A :||: B + A :||
615
obscuring if metric pulse
Impressionism in music
616
symphonic poem
* one of the most popular forms of orchestral program
* single movement work, generally in free form, with literary or pictorial associations
* invented by Franz lIszt
617
opera style that became popular in Italy during the 1890s to early 1900s
verismo
618
single work, generally in free form, with literary or pictorial associations
symphonic poem
619
more dramatic than elegant (triple meter)
scherzo and trio
620
origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that served as inspiration for art and music
romanticism
621
String Quartet op. no.
op.76, no.2
622
changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestra
theme and variations
623
baroque performance practice
basso continuo
624
often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
theme and variations
625
rocket theme
* rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio
| * often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
626
polytonality
the simultaneous use of two or more tonal centres
627
* individual treatment of instruments
| * muted instruments
innovative orchestral colours in Impressionism
628
polonaise
* stately polish dance on triplet meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
* often proud and majestic in character
* often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
629
the second main section in sonata form
development
631
the initial statement if the main theme of a fugue
subject
632
String Quartet date
1797
633
themes and variations
* a melody us stated then goes through a series of transformations
* changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestra
* often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
634
highly stylized type of dance which often interprets a story
ballet
635
for small orchestra or chamber ensemble (aristocratic setting)
serenade
636
authors sought to suggest subject matter rather than depict it specifically
symbolism
637
predecessor of the tube
ophicléide
638
suggests images rather than directly depicting
Impressionism in music
639
all voices sing the same rhythm
homorhythmic texture
641
Cuban dance-song
habañera
642
motive
* a short melodic or rhythmic idea
| * smallest unit used to form a melody or theme
643
French pitched percussion instrument
cloches
644
section A heard three times or more in the tonic key
rondo form
644
originally a vocal technique
portamento
645
String Quartet composer
Franz Joseph Haydn
646
melisma
* a group of notes sung on a single syllable/vowel
| * demonstrates vocal virtuosity and often serves to highlight key words
647
program symphony
* 19th-century multi-movement orchestral work
* models after 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
* includes a descriptive title
* accompanying text often outlines the program
649
extensive use of notes outside the prevailing key
chromaticism
652
invented by Franz Liszt
symphonic poem
654
Italian for "with the wood"
col legno
655
easily rendered by playing the 5 black keys on the piano
pentatonic scale
656
smallest unit used to form a melody or theme
motive
657
first developed in the 17th century T the court of Louis XIV
ballet
658
symbolism
* French literary movement of the late 19th century
* symbolist writers include Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé
* authors sought to suggest subject matter rather than depict it directly
* stresses the beauty of the word itself
659
refers to the musical style forged by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven and their contemporaries
Viennese school
660
could be humours or ironic
scherzo and trio
661
rubato
* Italian for "robbed time"
* rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
* an expressive device for interpreting music
662
ballet
* highly stylized type of dance which often interprets a story
* first developed in the 17th century at the court of Louis XIV
* Russian dancers dominated the scene throughout most of 20th century
663
serves as a unifying thread in a multi-mouvement composition
idée fixe
664
players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
col legno
665
stately polish dance in triple meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
polonaise
666
19th-century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
Dies Irae
667
Does Irae
* Latin for "day of wrath"
* a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
* drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (mass for the Dead)
* 19th century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
668
costume and scenery
visual arts
669
employs expanded harmonic vocabulary
Impressionism in music
670
drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (Mass for the Dead)
Dies Irae
671
instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
program music
672
Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
scherzo and trio
672
accompanying text often outlines the _______
program
673
exoticism in music
* important element of the 19th century music style
* fascination with foreign lands and cultures
* evoked through melody, rhythm, harmony, and orchestration
674
creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
cyclical structure
675
French for "bells"
cloches
676
through-composed
durchkomponiert
677
themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changes to the orchestra
development
678
a collection if arts songs united by a central theme or narrative thread
song cycle
679
harmonies usually played on the harpsichord or organ
basso continuo
679
most important chamber-music genre of the classical era
string quartet
680
use of scales in which the pattern of whole and half steps is different from conventional major and minor scales
modal scales
681
strophic
* a song structure where the same music is performed for each verse of the poem
* as a result, little connection can be achieved between the words and music
682
the total absence of any tonal centre
atonality
683
a song structure where the same music is performed for each verse of the poem
strophic
684
a contrasting middle section
trio
685
prelude (in opera)
* an orchestral work serving as an introduction to an opera
* used from mid-19th century in place of traditional overture
* no prescribed form
* often included themes to be heard later in opera
686
a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
aria
688
modern year
1900-present
689
as a result, lite connection can be achieved between the words and music
strophic
690
usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast (chamber-music)
string orchestra
691
Puccini was the master of this style
verismo
692
romanticism
* origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that served as inspiration for art and music
* reaction against classicism
* emphasis in creative imagination and expression of emotions
693
emphasis ob creative imagination and expression of emotions
romanticism
694
portamento
* Italian for "carrying"
* a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
* originally a vocal technique
* adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
695
one clear emotion is usually projected through an entire composition or movement
The "Affections" in Baroque music
696
reflects French artistic movement
Impressionism in music
697
modal scales ex.
Dorian, Lydian, Mixolydian
698
glissando
* derived from French glisser, "to slide"
* on a harp, a quick strumming of all the strings with a broad sweeping hand movement
* creates beautiful, shimmering effect
699
important element of the 19th century musical style
exoticism/nationalism in music
700
results in a blocked chordal texture (homophonic)
homorhythmic texture
700
often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
polonaise
701
reaction against classicism
romanticism
702
consists of recitative, arias, ensembles, and choruses
* oratorio
| * opera
703
material from section A returns within Section B
rounded binary form
704
for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
* art song
| * Lied(er)
705
adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
portamento
706
is in the tonic key (exposition)
first theme
707
coda
* Latin for "tail" (cauda)
| * a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
708
consists of 6 different pitches, all spaces a whole tone apart
whole-tone scale
709
method of tubing keyboard instruments
equal temperament
710
a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
durchkomponiert
711
an expressive device for interpreting music
rubato
713
String Quartet background
1. genre
2. date
3. composer
4. structure
5. op. no.
6. significance of title
7. performing forces
8. cause
714
recapitulation
* the third main section in sonata form
| * first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
715
used from mid-19th century in place of traditional overture
prelude (in opera)
716
French instrument that emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
cloches
717
French pitched percussion instrument
cloches
718
often included themes to be heard later in the opera
prelude (in opera)
719
classical year
1759-1825
720
a song structure which allows for some repetition of music
modified strophic
721
col legno
* Italian for "with the wood"
* novel string effect invented by Berlioz
* players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
722
features innovative orchestral colours
Impressionism in music
723
the second theme(s) (exposition)
are in a contrasting key; generally in he dominant or relative major
724
the first main section in sonata form
exposition
726
19th-century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
Dies Irae
727
highly emotional, often virtuosic
aria
728
violinata
* orchestral doubling of the vocal line
| * a device used frequently by Puccini
729
story line often protect a gritty realism which usually ends violently
verismo
730
* whole tone, modal, pentatonic scales
| * parallel chords
expanded harmonic Language in Impressionism
731
visual arts
costume and scenery
732
Does Irae
* Latin for "day of wrath"
* a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
* drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (mass for the Dead)
* 19th century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
733
material heard in one movement recurs in later movements
cyclical structure
734
stretto
* from the Italian "stringere" meaning to "tighten"
| * overlapping subject entries in close succession
734
players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
col legno
735
Italian for "jest" or "joke"
scherzo and trio
736
genre often performed in aristocratic social settings and outdoor events
serenade
737
are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major (exposition)
the second theme(s)
738
two contrasting themes are stated
exposition
739
ABACA or ABACABA
rondo form
739
scherzo and trio
* Italian for "jest" or "joke"
* Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
* in triple meter
* generally more dramatic than the elegant Menuet
* could be humorous or ironic
740
the text of an opera, oratorio, or cantata
libretto
741
durchkomponiert
* a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
* as a result, melody, harmony, and piano accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
743
Impressionism in music
* reflects French artistic movement
* employs expanded harmonic vocabulary
* suggests images rather than directly depicting
* features innovative orchestral colour
* obscuring of metric pulse
744
rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio
rocket theme
745
a non-traditional scale employed by composers of the late 19th and 20th centuries
whole-tone scale
746
May have lyrical or dramatic character
aria
747
String Quartet cause
commissioned by Joseph Erdödy
748
chromaticism
* from Greek "khroma" for colour
* extensive use of notes outside the prevailing key signature
* increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
749
Italian for "full" or "complete"
ripieno
750
song cycle
* a collection of art songs united by a central theme or narrative thread
* intended to be performed together
751
rounded binary form diagram
A :||: B + A :||
751
serves as a unifying thread in a multi-mouvement composition
idée fixe
752
an orchestral work, serving as an introduction to an opera
prelude (in opera)
753
changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestra
theme and variations
754
small brass disks (finger cymbals)
antique cymbals
756
common in music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance; rediscovered by 20th century composers
modal scales
757
cloches
* French for "bells"
* pitched percussion instrument
* emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
758
String Quartet performing forces
violin I, violin II, viola, cello
759
often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
theme and variations
761
String Quartet structure
4 movements
762
recitativo accompagnato
* Italian for "accompanied recitative"
* a speech-like, declamatory style of singing
* supported by instrumental ensemble or orchestra
* allows for greater connection with the text
* employed in opera, oratorio, and cantata
763
da capo aria
* the most common song type in baroque opera and oratorio
* ternary form
* in performance the return of section A is generally ornamented
763
rocket theme
* rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio
| * often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
764
the "affections"
* a baroque philosophy inspired by Ancient Greek and roman writers and orators
* refers to emotional state of the soul
* in baroque music, a single "affection" is usually projected though an entire composition or movement
* vocal music depicted the emotions of the text or dramatic situation
* was a reaction against the complex polyphony of Renaissance music
* also referred to as the "Doctrine of Affections"
765
French instrument that emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
cloches
766
oratorio
* a large-scale work for soloists, chorus, and orchestra
* a serious subject, generally based on biblical texts
* consists if recitatives, arias, ensembles, and choruses
* developed in the baroque era
767
a collection if arts songs united by a central theme or narrative thread
song cycle
768
supported by instrumental ensemble or orchestra
recitativo accompagnato
769
from Greek "khroma" for colour
chromaticism
770
Italian for "carrying"
portamento
771
a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
coda
772
increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
chromaticism
773
expanded harmonic language in Impressionism
* whole tone, modal, pentatonic scales
| * parallel chords
774
a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
idée fixe
775
whole-tone scale
* a non-traditional scale employed by composers of the late 19th and 20th centuries
* consists of 6 different pitches, all spaced a whole tone apart
776
antique cymbals
* small brass disks (finger cymbals)
| * produce a gentle ringing sound when struck together
777
cyclical structure
* material heard in one nice end recurs in later movements
| * creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
779
ternary form
* three-part form (ABA)
* section B general creates contrast in key and/or material
* often used in baroque arias
779
col legno
* Italian for "with the wood"
* novel string effect invented by Berlioz
* players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
781
rondo form
* classical formal structure often used in sonata cycle
* section A recurs, with alternating sections creating contrast
* section A heard three or more time in the tonic key
* ABACA or ABACABA
782
a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
durchkomponiert
783
1600-1750
baroque
784
String Quartet #background
8
786
Latin for "day of wrath"
Dies Irae
787
allows for greater connection with the text (recitative)
recitativo accompagnato
788
a song structure which allows for some repetition of music
modified strophic
789
rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
rubato
790
significant trend in 19th century music
program music
792
important element of the 19th century musical style
exoticism/nationalism in music
793
development
* the second main section in sonata form
* themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changed to orchestration
* modulations and increased harmonic tension
* new themes may also be introduced
794
common to the folk music of many European and Asian cultures
pentatonic scale
795
fascination with foreign lands and cultures
exoticism in music
796
novel string effect invented by Berlioz
col lengo
797
the third main section in sonata form
recapitulation
798
romanticism
* origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that served as inspiration for art and music
* reaction against classicism
* emphasis in creative imagination and expression of emotions
799
in performance the return of section A is generally ornamented
da capo aria
799
chromaticism
* from Greek "khroma" for colour
* extensive use of notes outside the prevailing key signature
* increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
801
no prescribed form
prelude (in opera)
802
idée fixe
* French for "fixed idea"
* devised by Berlioz
* a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
* serves as a unifying thread in a multi-movement composition
* in Symphonie Fantastique, represents "the beloved"
803
durchkomponiert
* a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
* as a result, melody, harmony, and piano accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
804
combines vocal and instrument with drama, visual arts, and often dance
opera
805
Lied(er)
* the musical setting of a German poem
* for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
* flourished in the 19th century
806
Russian dancers dominated the scene throughout most of the 20th century
ballet
807
possessing enduring value or timeless quality
classicism
808
romantic year
1825-1900
809
multi-movement orchestral genre (aristocratic setting)
serenade
810
as a result, melody, harmony, and accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
durchkomponiert
811
countersubject
•a recurring country melody
accompanies entries if the subject and answer
812
Menuet and trio
* Menuet: a stylized dance of French origin developed in the baroque period
* in triple meter
* graceful, elegant character
* trio; contrasting middle section
* ternary form
813
French for "fixed idea"
idée fixe
814
evoked through melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestration
exoticism in music
816
creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
cyclical structure
817
a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
aria
818
answer
* the second statement of the main theme in a fugue
| * use in the dominant key
819
song cycle
* a collection of art songs united by a central theme or narrative thread
* intended to be performed together
820
in triple meter
Menuet/scherzo and trio
821
drama
staging and acting
822
intended to be performed together
song cycle
823
in late 18th century, this city flourished as a musical centre
Vienna
824
created in Italy around 1600
opera
828
opera
* drama that is sung
* combines vocal and instrumental music with drama, visual arts, and often dance
* components include recitative, arias, ensembles, and choruses
* created in Italy around 1600
829
devised by Berlioz
idée fixe
830
durchkomponiert English
through-composed
831
cloches
* French for "bells"
* pitched percussion instrument
* emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
832
coda
* Latin for "tail" (cauda)
| * a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
832
from Greek "khroma" for colour
chromaticism
833
a structure employed in the first and third movements of the baroque concerto
ritornello form
833
increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
chromaticism
834
Bach the second statement of the main theme in a fugue
answer
835
obscuring if metric pulse
Impressionism in music
836
Italian for "jest" or "joke"
scherzo and trio
837
opera style that became popular in Italy during the 1890s to early 1900s
verismo
838
usually written by someone other than the composer
libretto
839
more dramatic than elegant (triple meter)
scherzo and trio
840
origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that served as inspiration for art and music
romanticism
843
String Quartet cause
commissioned by Joseph Erdödy
844
Italian for "obstinate" or "persistent"
ostinato
845
recapitulation
* the third main section in sonata form
| * first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
846
The "Affections" in Baroque music
one clear emotion is usually projected through an entire composition or movement
847
* individual treatment of instruments
| * muted instruments
innovative orchestral colours in Impressionism
848
polonaise
* stately polish dance on triplet meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
* often proud and majestic in character
* often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
849
results in stark contrast rather than gradual change
terraced dynamics
850
Italian for "carrying"
portamento
851
recitativo secco
* Italian for "Dry recitative"
* a speech-like, declamatory style of singing
* supported only by continuo
* employed in opera, oratorio, and cantata
852
String Quartet date
1797
853
themes and variations
* a melody us stated then goes through a series of transformations
* changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestra
* often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
854
a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
idée fixe
855
for small orchestra or chamber ensemble (aristocratic setting)
serenade
856
music mirrors the literal meaning if the words
word painting
857
predecessor of the tube
ophicléide
858
Italian for "dry recitative"
recitativo secco
858
String Quartet performing forces
violin I, violin II, viola, cello
860
rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
rubato
861
significant trend in 19th century music
program music
862
motive
* a short melodic or rhythmic idea
| * smallest unit used to form a melody or theme
864
Latin for "day of wrath"
Dies Irae
866
cyclical structure
* material heard in one nice end recurs in later movements
| * creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
867
a stylized French of French origin developed in the baroque era
Menuet
868
multi-movement structure that emerged in the classical era
sonata form
868
fascination with foreign lands and cultures
exoticism in music
869
extensive use of notes outside the prevailing key
chromaticism
871
section A generally ends with open cadence
binary form
872
emphasis on symmetry, balance, and proportion
classicism
873
a type of musical short hand developed in the baroque era
figured bass
874
Lied(er)
* the musical setting of a German poem
* for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
* flourished in the 19th century
875
easily rendered by playing the 5 black keys on the piano
pentatonic scale
876
smallest unit used to form a melody or theme
motive
877
also referred to as the "Doctrine of Affections"
the "Affections"
878
novel string effect invented by Berlioz
col lengo
879
a common mannerism in baroque music
tierce de Picardie
880
could be humours or ironic
scherzo and trio
881
demonstrates vocal virtuosity and often serves to highlight key words
melisma
882
as a result, melody, harmony, and accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
durchkomponiert
883
generally involves two performers-one playing the notated bass line, one realizing the figured bass harmony
basso continuo
884
serious subject, generally based in biblical text
oratorio
885
stately polish dance in triple meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
polonaise
886
from the Italian "stringere" meaning "to tighten"
stretto
887
idée fixe
* French for "fixed idea"
* devised by Berlioz
* a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
* serves as a unifying thread in a multi-movement composition
* in Symphonie Fantastique, represents "the beloved"
888
development
* the second main section in sonata form
* themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changed to orchestration
* modulations and increased harmonic tension
* new themes may also be introduced
889
ternary form genres
* da capo aria
| * Menuet and trio
890
multi-movement orchestral genre (aristocratic setting)
serenade
891
generally in three movements: fast-slow-fast
solo concerto
891
evoked through melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestration
exoticism in music
892
accompanies entries if the subject and answer
countersubject
893
three-part form (ABA)
ternary form
894
solo concerto
* popular instrumental genre of the baroque era for soloist and orchestra
* generally in three movements: fast-slow-fast
* frequently employed ritornello form
* intended to showcase the virtuosity of the soloist
895
equal temperament
* method if tuning keyboard instruments
* all semitones within the octave are divided equally; created enharmonic equivalents (C sharp/D flat)
* allowed music to be performed "in tune" in all keys
896
frequently sequential (fugue)
episode
897
themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changes to the orchestra
development
898
second part-fast, imitative texture
French overture
898
intended to be performed together
song cycle
899
frequently employed ritornello for
solo concerto
899
French for "fixed idea"
idée fixe
900
in triple meter
Menuet/scherzo and trio
901
strophic
* a song structure where the same music is performed for each verse of the poem
* as a result, little connection can be achieved between the words and music
902
performed or "realized" by the basso continuo
figured bass
903
a song structure where the same music is performed for each verse of the poem
strophic
904
durchkomponiert English
through-composed
905
numbers are places below the bass line to show harmonic progression
figured bass
906
fugue
* a highly structured, imitative contrapuntal composition
| * a single theme or subject prevails
907
now applied to art, architecture, and music of the 17th and early 18th century
baroque
908
modern year
1900-present
909
as a result, lite connection can be achieved between the words and music
strophic
910
usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast (chamber-music)
string orchestra
911
Puccini was the master of this style
verismo
912
an exact transposition if the subject
real answer
912
String Quartet date
1797
913
emphasis ob creative imagination and expression of emotions
romanticism
914
all semitones within the octave are divided equally; created enharmonic equivalents (C sharp/D flat)
equal temperament
915
subject
* the initial statement of the main theme of a fugue
| * in the tonic key
917
devised by Berlioz
idée fixe
918
a recurring counter melody
countersubject
919
often used in baroque arias
ternary form
920
a passage within a fugue in which neither subject nor answer is present
episode
920
more dramatic than elegant (triple meter)
scherzo and trio
921
reaction against classicism
romanticism
922
origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that served as inspiration for art and music
romanticism
923
material from section A returns within Section B
rounded binary form
924
for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
* art song
| * Lied(er)
925
intended to showcase the virtuosity if the soloist
solo concerto
926
is in the tonic key (exposition)
first theme
927
vocal music depicted the emotions of the text or dramatic situation
the "affections"
927
polonaise
* stately polish dance on triplet meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
* often proud and majestic in character
* often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
928
a short keyboard work in improvisatory style
prelude
929
achieved through melody, rhythm, or harmony
word painting
930
from the Portuguese "barroco" meaning irregularly shaped or misshapen pearl
Baroque
932
prelude
* a short keyboard work in improvisatory style
| * often paired with a fugue
934
common in folk music
drone
937
themes and variations
* a melody us stated then goes through a series of transformations
* changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestra
* often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
938
ripieno
* Italian for "full" or "complete"
| * a term used to denote the use the full orchestra in the baroque concerto
939
classical year
1759-1825
940
a single theme or subject prevails
fugue
942
for small orchestra or chamber ensemble (aristocratic setting)
serenade
943
the second theme(s) (exposition)
are in a contrasting key; generally in he dominant or relative major
944
refers to he emotional states of the soul
the "affections"
947
highly emotional, often virtuosic
aria
950
extensive use of notes outside the prevailing key
chromaticism
951
visual arts
costume and scenery
952
figured bass
* a type of musical shorthand developed in the baroque era
* numbers are placed below the bass line to show harmonic progression
* performed or "realized" by the basso continuo
* provides the structuring for guides improvisation
953
material heard in one movement recurs in later movements
cyclical structure
955
motive
* a short melodic or rhythmic idea
| * smallest unit used to form a melody or theme
956
genre often performed in aristocratic social settings and outdoor events
serenade
957
are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major (exposition)
the second theme(s)
958
two contrasting themes are stated
exposition
963
themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changes to the orchestra
development
967
smallest unit used to form a melody or theme
motive
969
predecessor of the tube
ophicléide
971
could be humours or ironic
scherzo and trio
973
portamento
* Italian for "carrying"
* a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
* originally a vocal technique
* adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
975
usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast (chamber-music)
string orchestra
981
String Quartet structure
4 movements
985
strophic
* a song structure where the same music is performed for each verse of the poem
* as a result, little connection can be achieved between the words and music
986
is in the tonic key (exposition)
first theme
988
modelled After 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
program symphony
991
a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
coda
993
as a result, lite connection can be achieved between the words and music
strophic
994
stately polish dance in triple meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
polonaise
1002
emphasis ob creative imagination and expression of emotions
romanticism
1004
String Quartet #background
8
1005
a song structure where the same music is performed for each verse of the poem
strophic
1006
the second theme(s) (exposition)
are in a contrasting key; generally in he dominant or relative major
1009
for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
* art song
| * Lied(er)
1012
reaction against classicism
romanticism
1017
the third main section in sonata form
recapitulation
1018
material from section A returns within Section B
rounded binary form
1020
are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major (exposition)
the second theme(s)
1021
two contrasting themes are stated
exposition
1039
String Quartet structure
4 movements
1040
material heard in one movement recurs in later movements
cyclical structure
1041
drama
staging and acting
1044
genre often performed in aristocratic social settings and outdoor events
serenade
1054
a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
coda
1072
the third main section in sonata form
recapitulation
1076
String Quartet #background
8
