Definitions Flashcards
a statement of the subject in which one or more intervals is adjusted to accommodate the harmony
tonal answer
a rhythmic or melodic pattern repeated for an extended period
ostinato
a highly structured, imitative contrapuntal composition
fugue
baroque
- from the Portuguese “barroco” meaning irregularly shaped or misshapen pearl
- first uses as a derogatory term in reference to the overly ornate art of the era
- now applied to art, architecture, and music if the 17th and early 18th centuries
- 1600-1750
word painting
- musical pictorialization
- music mirrors the literal meaning if the words
- achieved through melody, rhythm, or harmony
classic form structure often used in sonata cycle
rondo form
section B generally created contrast in key and/or material
ternary form
method of tuning keyboard instruments
equal temperament
binary form
- two-part form (AB)
- section A generally ends with open cadence
- frequently used in baroque dances and keyboard pieces
provides the structure for guided improvisation
figured bass
supported by only continuo
recitativo secco
in the tonic key (fugue)
subject
exposition
- the first main section in sonata form
- two contrasting themes are states
- the first theme is in the tonic key
- the second theme(s) are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major
exposition
- the first main section in sonata form
- two contrasting themes are states
- the first theme is in the tonic key
- the second theme(s) are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major
exposition
- the first main section in sonata form
- two contrasting themes are states
- the first theme is in the tonic key
- the second theme(s) are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major
exposition
- the first main section in sonata form
- two contrasting themes are states
- the first theme is in the tonic key
- the second theme(s) are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major
a baroque practice of changing dynamics abruptly
terraced dynamics
first part-slow, homophonic texture, features dotted figures
French overture
rounded binary form
- two-part musical form
* material from section A returns within section B
music without extra-musical associations
absolute music
rounded binary form
- two-part musical form
* material from section A returns within section B
provided harmonic framework
basso continuo
rounded binary form
- two-part musical form
* material from section A returns within section B
program music
- significant trend in 19th century music
- instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
- descriptive title identifies the connection
- some works include a written text or “program” provided by the composer
allowed music to be performed “in tune” in all keys
equal temperament
consists of exposition, development, and recapitulation
sonata form
rounded binary form
- two-part musical form
* material from section A returns within section B
program music
- significant trend in 19th century music
- instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
- descriptive title identifies the connection
- some works include a written text or “program” provided by the composer
a sustained note over which harmonies change
pedal point
demonstrated in symphoney, sonata, or concerto
sonata cycle
first developed at city if Louis XVI by Jean-Baptiste Lully
French overture
program music
- significant trend in 19th century music
- instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
- descriptive title identifies the connection
- some works include a written text or “program” provided by the composer
drone
- a sustained bass note that provide a rudimentary harmonic foundation
- common in folk music
program music
- significant trend in 19th century music
- instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
- descriptive title identifies the connection
- some works include a written text or “program” provided by the composer
terraced dynamics
- a baroque practice of changing dynamics abruptly
* results in stark contrast rather than gradual change
delivers the text with clarity and emphasis
homorhythmic texture
episode
- a passage within a fugue in which neither subject nor answer is present
- frequently sequential
tonal answer
a statement of the subject in which one or more intervals is adjusted to accommodate the harmony
employed in opera, oratorio, and cantata
recitativo secco/accompagnato
tierce de Picardie
- a work in a minor key ends in the tonic major (raised 3rd)
* a common mannerism in baroque music
a large-scale work for soloists, chorus, and orchestra
oratorio
one player per part
camber music
a baroque philosophy inspired by Ancient Greek and roman writers and orators
the “affections”
formal structure often used in first movement of sonata cycle
sonata form
Italian for “accompanied recitative
recitativo accompagnato
short melody for rhythmic idea
motive
popular instrumental genre of the baroque era for soloist and orchestra
solo concerto
musical pictorialization
word painting
sonata form
- formal structure often used in the first movement of sonata cycle
- consists of exposition, developments, and recapitulation
- also known as sonata-allegro form
short melody for rhythmic idea
motive
absolute music title ex.
- Sonata
- Allegretto
- Menuet
- Rondo
a work in a minor key ends in the tonic major (raised 3rd)
tierce de Picardie
Italian for “robbed time”
rubato
short melody for rhythmic idea
motive
also known as sonata-allegro form
sonata form
new themes may also be introduced
development
real answer
an exact transposition of the subject
pedal point
a sustained note over which harmonies change
Italian for “robbed time”
rubato
the first theme (exposition)
is in the tonic key
a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
Does Irae
a baroque orchestral genre
French overture
new themes may also be introduced
development
first movement usually in sonata form (chamber-music)
string quartet
the musical setting if a poem
art song
19th century multi-mouvement orchestral work
programme symphony
libretto
- the text of an opera, oratorio, or cantata
* usually written by someone other than the composer
Italian for “robbed time”
rubato
Italian for “realism”
verismo
generic ties reflecting tempos, genres, or forms
absolute music
characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
habañera
String Quartet significance
- “Quinten” cones from “quintus” fifth in Latin.
* The bold descending fifths in the first violin part in the opening measures for the first movement
a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
theme and variations
a speech-like, declamatory style of singing
recitativo secco/accompagnato
the first theme (exposition)
is in the tonic key
a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
Does Irae
new themes may also be introduced
development
a sustained bass note that provides a rudimentary harmonic foundation
drone
first movement usually in sonata form (chamber-music)
string quartet
modelled After 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
program symphony
first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
recapitulation
String Quartet genre
string quartet
serenade
- multi-movement orchestral genre
- for small orchestra of chamber ensemble
- popular instrumental genre in the classical era
- often performed in aristocratic social settings and at outdoor events
the musical setting if a poem
art song
19th century multi-mouvement orchestral work
programme symphony
A :||: B + A :||
rounded binary form diagram
usually performed without a conductor
chamber music
short melody for rhythmic idea
motive
Italian for “realism”
verismo
includes a descriptive title
program music/symphony
characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
habañera
some works include a written text provided by the composer
program music
modulation and increased harmonic tension
development
String Quartet significance
- “Quinten” cones from “quintus” fifth in Latin.
* The bold descending fifths in the first violin part in the opening measures for the first movement
often proud and majestic in character
polonaise
often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
rocket theme
a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
theme and variations
a device used frequently by Puccini
violinata
Latin for “tail”
coda (cauda)
the first theme (exposition)
is in the tonic key
a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
Does Irae
modified strophic
- a song structure which allows for some repetition
* some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
verismo
- Italian for “realism”
- opera style that became popular in Italy during the 1890s and early 1900s
- story line often project a gritty realism which usually ends violently
- Puccini was the master of this style
ritornello form
- a structure employed in the first and third movements of the baroque concerto
- the opening passage is restated throughout the movement
two-part musical form (not binary)
rounded binary
ophicléide
- brass instrument, now obsolete
* predecessor if the tuba
overlapping subject entries in close succession
stretto
first movement usually in sonata form (chamber-music)
string quartet
the musical setting if a poem
art song
modelled After 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
program symphony
first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
recapitulation
art song
- the musical setting of a poem
* for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
String Quartet genre
string quartet
characterized by unresolved dissonance
atonality
serenade
- multi-movement orchestral genre
- for small orchestra of chamber ensemble
- popular instrumental genre in the classical era
- often performed in aristocratic social settings and at outdoor events
strings quartet
- the most important chamber-music genre of the classic era
- performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
- usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast
- first movement usually sonata form
pentatonic scale
- a scale consisting of 5 different pitches
- easily rendered by playing the 5 black keys on the piano
- common to the folk music of many European and Asian cultures
derived from French glisser, “to slide”
glissando
popular instrumental genre in the classical era
serenade
descriptive title identifies the connection
program music
19th century multi-mouvement orchestral work
programme symphony
in Symphonie Fantastique, represents “the beloved”
idée fixe
a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
portamento
performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
string quartet
A :||: B + A :||
rounded binary form diagram
nationalism in music
- important element of the 19th century musical style
- patriotism expressed through music
- influence of folk song and dance, myths and legends, landscapes, historical events
produce a gentle ringing sound when struck together (small brass disks)
antique cymbals
Italian for “air”
aria
the second main section in sonata form
development
modal scales
- use of scales in which the pattern of whole and half steps is different from conventional major and minor scales
- common in music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance; rediscovered by 20th century composers
String Quartet op. no.
op.76, no.2
some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
modified strophic
brass instrument, now obsolete
ophicléide
Italian for “realism”
verismo
section A recurs, with alternating sections creating contrast
rondo form
characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
habañera
includes a descriptive title
program music/symphony
aria
- Italian for “air”
- a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
- highly emotional, often virtuosic
- may have lyrical or dramatic character
String Quartet significance
- “Quinten” cones from “quintus” fifth in Latin.
* The bold descending fifths in the first violin part in the opening measures for the first movement
some works include a written text provided by the composer
program music
modulation and increased harmonic tension
development
a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
theme and variations
often proud and majestic in character
polonaise
often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
rocket theme
a scale consisting of 5 different pitches
pentatonic scale
habañera
- Cuban dance-song
- 2/4
- characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
originally a vocal technique
portamento
sonata cycle
- emerged in the classical era
- multi-movement structure
- demonstrated in symphony, sonata, or concerto
a device used frequently by Puccini
violinata
program symphony
- 19th-century multi-movement orchestral work
- models after 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
- includes a descriptive title
- accompanying text often outlines the program
on the harp, a quick strumming of all the strings with a broad seeping hand
glissando
String Quartet composer
Franz Joseph Haydn
Latin for “tail”
coda (cauda)
drama that is sung
opera
pertains to highest level of excellence
classicism
two-part form (AB)
binary form
modified strophic
- a song structure which allows for some repetition
* some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
the simultaneous use of two or more tonal centres
polytonality
most important chamber-music genre of the classical era
string quartet
instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
program music
Italian for “with the wood”
col legno
Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
scherzo and trio
rubato
- Italian for “robbed time”
- rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
- an expressive device for interpreting music
exoticism in music
- important element of the 19th century music style
- fascination with foreign lands and cultures
- evoked through melody, rhythm, harmony, and orchestration
drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (Mass for the Dead)
Dies Irae
verismo
- Italian for “realism”
- opera style that became popular in Italy during the 1890s and early 1900s
- story line often project a gritty realism which usually ends violently
- Puccini was the master of this style
accompanying text often outlines the _______
program
French literary movement of the late 19th century
symbolism
Italian for “robbed time”
rubato
two-part musical form (not binary)
rounded binary
atonality
- the total absence of any tonal centre
* characterized by unresolved dissonance
French for “bells”
cloches
ophicléide
- brass instrument, now obsolete
* predecessor if the tuba
through-composed
durchkomponiert
modelled After 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
program symphony
staging and acting
drama
creates beautiful, shimmering effect
glissando
often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
polonaise
first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
recapitulation
Dorian, Lydian, Mixolydian
modal scales
String Quartet genre
string quartet
an expressive device for interpreting music
rubato
art song
- the musical setting of a poem
* for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
writers includes Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé
symbolism
stresses the beauty of the word itself
symbolism
serenade
- multi-movement orchestral genre
- for small orchestra of chamber ensemble
- popular instrumental genre in the classical era
- often performed in aristocratic social settings and at outdoor events
characterized by unresolved dissonance
atonality
baroque year
1600-1750
orchestral doubling of the vocal
l
violinata
innovative orchestral colours in Impressionism
- individual treatment of instruments
* muted instruments
String Quartet background
- genre
- date
- composer
- structure
- op. no.
- significance of title
- performing forces
- cause
2/4 time
habañera
new themes may also be introduced
development
adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
portamento
the first main section in sonata form
exposition
rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio
rocket theme
scherzo and trio
- Italian for “jest” or “joke”
- Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
- in triple meter
- generally more dramatic than the elegant Menuet
- could be humorous or ironic
strings quartet
- the most important chamber-music genre of the classic era
- performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
- usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast
- first movement usually sonata form
pentatonic scale
- a scale consisting of 5 different pitches
- easily rendered by playing the 5 black keys on the piano
- common to the folk music of many European and Asian cultures
one of the most popular forms of orchestral program music
symphonic poem
rounded binary form diagram
A :||: B + A :||
symphonic poem
- one of the most popular forms of orchestral program
- single movement work, generally in free form, with literary or pictorial associations
- invented by Franz lIszt
single work, generally in free form, with literary or pictorial associations
symphonic poem
derived from French glisser, “to slide”
glissando
changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestra
theme and variations
popular instrumental genre in the classical era
serenade
often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
theme and variations
rocket theme
- rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio
* often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
polytonality
the simultaneous use of two or more tonal centres
descriptive title identifies the connection
program music
graceful, elegant character
Menuet and trio
in Symphonie Fantastique, represents “the beloved”
idée fixe
highly stylized type of dance which often interprets a story
ballet
authors sought to suggest subject matter rather than depict it specifically
symbolism
suggests images rather than directly depicting
Impressionism in music
A :||: B + A :||
rounded binary form diagram
a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
portamento
Cuban dance-song
habañera
French pitched percussion instrument
cloches
performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
string quartet
nationalism in music
- important element of the 19th century musical style
- patriotism expressed through music
- influence of folk song and dance, myths and legends, landscapes, historical events
produce a gentle ringing sound when struck together (small brass disks)
antique cymbals
also known as “pure music”
absolute music
Italian for “air”
aria
the second main section in sonata form
development
invented by Franz Liszt
symphonic poem
modal scales
- use of scales in which the pattern of whole and half steps is different from conventional major and minor scales
- common in music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance; rediscovered by 20th century composers
String Quartet op. no.
op.76, no.2
first developed in the 17th century T the court of Louis XIV
ballet
symbolism
- French literary movement of the late 19th century
- symbolist writers include Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé
- authors sought to suggest subject matter rather than depict it directly
- stresses the beauty of the word itself
some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
modified strophic
brass instrument, now obsolete
ophicléide
ballet
- highly stylized type of dance which often interprets a story
- first developed in the 17th century at the court of Louis XIV
- Russian dancers dominated the scene throughout most of 20th century
serves as a unifying thread in a multi-mouvement composition
idée fixe
players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
col legno
19th-century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
Dies Irae
Does Irae
- Latin for “day of wrath”
- a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
- drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (mass for the Dead)
- 19th century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
costume and scenery
visual arts
employs expanded harmonic vocabulary
Impressionism in music
the first theme (exposition)
is in the tonic key
includes a descriptive title
program music/symphony
Viennese school
- refers to the musical style forged by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven and their contemporaries
- in the late 17th century, Vienna flourished as a musical centre
creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
cyclical structure
aria
- Italian for “air”
- a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
- highly emotional, often virtuosic
- may have lyrical or dramatic character
some works include a written text provided by the composer
program music
a collection if arts songs united by a central theme or narrative thread
song cycle
modulation and increased harmonic tension
development
use of scales in which the pattern of whole and half steps is different from conventional major and minor scales
modal scales
the total absence of any tonal centre
atonality
basso continuo
- baroque performance practice
- generally involves two performers-one playing the notated bass line, one realizing the figured bass harmonies
- harmonies usually played on harpsichord or organ
- provided harmonic framework
prelude (in opera)
- an orchestral work serving as an introduction to an opera
- used from mid-19th century in place of traditional overture
- no prescribed form
- often included themes to be heard later in opera
a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
aria
often proud and majestic in character
polonaise
romanticism
- origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that served as inspiration for art and music
- reaction against classicism
- emphasis in creative imagination and expression of emotions
portamento
- Italian for “carrying”
- a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
- originally a vocal technique
- adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
rocket theme
reflects French artistic movement
Impressionism in music
modal scales ex.
Dorian, Lydian, Mixolydian
glissando
- derived from French glisser, “to slide”
- on a harp, a quick strumming of all the strings with a broad sweeping hand movement
- creates beautiful, shimmering effect
important element of the 19th century musical style
exoticism/nationalism in music
a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
Does Irae
consists of recitative, arias, ensembles, and choruses
- oratorio
* opera
a scale consisting of 5 different pitches
pentatonic scale
coda
- Latin for “tail” (cauda)
* a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
consists of 6 different pitches, all spaces a whole tone apart
whole-tone scale
habañera
- Cuban dance-song
- 2/4
- characteristic rhythmic motive, often used as an ostinato
a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
durchkomponiert
originally a vocal technique
portamento
a device used frequently by Puccini
violinata
Latin for “tail”
coda (cauda)
recapitulation
- the third main section in sonata form
* first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
used from mid-19th century in place of traditional overture
prelude (in opera)
French instrument that emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
cloches
program symphony
- 19th-century multi-movement orchestral work
- models after 18th century symphony with programmatic elements
- includes a descriptive title
- accompanying text often outlines the program
often included themes to be heard later in the opera
prelude (in opera)
a song structure which allows for some repetition of music
modified strophic
col legno
- Italian for “with the wood”
- novel string effect invented by Berlioz
- players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
features innovative orchestral colours
Impressionism in music
on the harp, a quick strumming of all the strings with a broad seeping hand
glissando
String Quartet composer
Franz Joseph Haydn
first movement usually in sonata form (chamber-music)
string quartet
the musical setting if a poem
art song
19th century multi-mouvement orchestral work
programme symphony
violinata
- orchestral doubling of the vocal line
* a device used frequently by Puccini
story line often protect a gritty realism which usually ends violently
verismo
- whole tone, modal, pentatonic scales
* parallel chords
expanded harmonic Language in Impressionism
drama that is sung
opera
String Quartet significance
- “Quinten” cones from “quintus” fifth in Latin.
* The bold descending fifths in the first violin part in the opening measures for the first movement
Italian for “jest” or “joke”
scherzo and trio
modified strophic
- a song structure which allows for some repetition
* some changes to the melody, harmony, and accompaniment take place to reflect the text
verismo
- Italian for “realism”
- opera style that became popular in Italy during the 1890s and early 1900s
- story line often project a gritty realism which usually ends violently
- Puccini was the master of this style
durchkomponiert
- a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
- as a result, melody, harmony, and piano accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
the simultaneous use of two or more tonal centres
polytonality
Impressionism in music
- reflects French artistic movement
- employs expanded harmonic vocabulary
- suggests images rather than directly depicting
- features innovative orchestral colour
- obscuring of metric pulse
most important chamber-music genre of the classical era
string quartet
a non-traditional scale employed by composers of the late 19th and 20th centuries
whole-tone scale
May have lyrical or dramatic character
aria
String Quartet cause
commissioned by Joseph Erdödy
chromaticism
- from Greek “khroma” for colour
- extensive use of notes outside the prevailing key signature
- increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
instrumental music with extra-musical associations (literary, poetic, visual)
program music
song cycle
- a collection of art songs united by a central theme or narrative thread
- intended to be performed together
Italian for “with the wood”
col legno
an orchestral work, serving as an introduction to an opera
prelude (in opera)
Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
scherzo and trio
small brass disks (finger cymbals)
antique cymbals
rubato
- Italian for “robbed time”
- rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
- an expressive device for interpreting music
common in music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance; rediscovered by 20th century composers
modal scales
cloches
- French for “bells”
- pitched percussion instrument
- emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
String Quartet performing forces
violin I, violin II, viola, cello
exoticism in music
- important element of the 19th century music style
- fascination with foreign lands and cultures
- evoked through melody, rhythm, harmony, and orchestration
drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (Mass for the Dead)
Dies Irae
chamber music
- music for small ensemble (two to ten players)
- one player per part
- usually performed without a conductor
accompanying text often outlines the _______
program
French literary movement of the late 19th century
symbolism
two-part musical form (not binary)
rounded binary
ophicléide
- brass instrument, now obsolete
* predecessor if the tuba
atonality
- the total absence of any tonal centre
* characterized by unresolved dissonance
French for “bells”
cloches
from Greek “khroma” for colour
chromaticism
Italian for “carrying”
portamento
increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
chromaticism
expanded harmonic language in Impressionism
- whole tone, modal, pentatonic scales
* parallel chords
a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
idée fixe
whole-tone scale
- a non-traditional scale employed by composers of the late 19th and 20th centuries
- consists of 6 different pitches, all spaced a whole tone apart
antique cymbals
- small brass disks (finger cymbals)
* produce a gentle ringing sound when struck together
cyclical structure
- material heard in one nice end recurs in later movements
* creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
French overture
- a baroque orchestral genre
- first developed at court if Louis XVI by Jean-Baptiste Lully
- generally in two parts
- first part-slow, homophonic texture, features dotted figures
- second part-fast, imitative
through-composed
durchkomponiert
a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
theme and variations
a term used to denote they’re if the full orchestra in the baroque concerto
ripieno
staging and acting
drama
creates beautiful, shimmering effect
glissando
Latin for “day of wrath”
Dies Irae
often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
polonaise
first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
recapitulation
String Quartet genre
string quartet
rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
rubato
significant trend in 19th century music
program music
Dorian, Lydian, Mixolydian
modal scales
art song
- the musical setting of a poem
* for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
development
- the second main section in sonata form
- themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changed to orchestration
- modulations and increased harmonic tension
- new themes may also be introduced
common to the folk music of many European and Asian cultures
pentatonic scale
fascination with foreign lands and cultures
exoticism in music
novel string effect invented by Berlioz
col lengo
an expressive device for interpreting music
rubato
serenade
- multi-movement orchestral genre
- for small orchestra of chamber ensemble
- popular instrumental genre in the classical era
- often performed in aristocratic social settings and at outdoor events
writers includes Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé
symbolism
no prescribed form
prelude (in opera)
idée fixe
- French for “fixed idea”
- devised by Berlioz
- a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
- serves as a unifying thread in a multi-movement composition
- in Symphonie Fantastique, represents “the beloved”
stresses the beauty of the word itself
symbolism
combines vocal and instrument with drama, visual arts, and often dance
opera
Lied(er)
- the musical setting of a German poem
- for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
- flourished in the 19th century
Russian dancers dominated the scene throughout most of the 20th century
ballet
characterized by unresolved dissonance
atonality
romantic year
1825-1900
multi-movement orchestral genre (aristocratic setting)
serenade
as a result, melody, harmony, and accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
durchkomponiert
baroque year
1600-1750
French for “fixed idea”
idée fixe
evoked through melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestration
exoticism in music
orchestral doubling of the vocal
l
violinata
innovative orchestral colours in Impressionism
- individual treatment of instruments
* muted instruments
a solo song heard in an opera, oratorio, or cantata
aria
String Quartet background
- genre
- date
- composer
- structure
- op. no.
- significance of title
- performing forces
- cause
2/4 time
habañera
in triple meter
Menuet/scherzo and trio
intended to be performed together
song cycle
strings quartet
- the most important chamber-music genre of the classic era
- performing forces: violin I, violin II, viola, cello
- usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast
- first movement usually sonata form
created in Italy around 1600
opera
adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
portamento
the first main section in sonata form
exposition
rapidly ascending melody outlining an arpeggio
rocket theme
opera
- drama that is sung
- combines vocal and instrumental music with drama, visual arts, and often dance
- components include recitative, arias, ensembles, and choruses
- created in Italy around 1600
devised by Berlioz
idée fixe
durchkomponiert English
through-composed
scherzo and trio
- Italian for “jest” or “joke”
- Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the Menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
- in triple meter
- generally more dramatic than the elegant Menuet
- could be humorous or ironic
pentatonic scale
- a scale consisting of 5 different pitches
- easily rendered by playing the 5 black keys on the piano
- common to the folk music of many European and Asian cultures
derived from French glisser, “to slide”
glissando
one of the most popular forms of orchestral program music
symphonic poem
obscuring if metric pulse
Impressionism in music
rounded binary form diagram
A :||: B + A :||
opera style that became popular in Italy during the 1890s to early 1900s
verismo
symphonic poem
- one of the most popular forms of orchestral program
- single movement work, generally in free form, with literary or pictorial associations
- invented by Franz lIszt
more dramatic than elegant (triple meter)
scherzo and trio
origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that served as inspiration for art and music
romanticism
single work, generally in free form, with literary or pictorial associations
symphonic poem
