Definitions

Question 1

Attempting to find what premise or premises would have to be added to make the inference valid.

Answer 1

Unstated Premise

Question 2

A statement of the form “if … then ….”, where the “if”, the antecedent is reliant on the “then”, the consequent.

Answer 2

Conditional Statement

Question 3

A line of argument where the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

Answer 3

Deductive Argument

Question 4

Where the truth of the premises only gives a high probability of the truth of the conclusion.

Answer 4

Inductive Argument

Question 5

Represents the relationship between the premise and the conclusion.

Answer 5

Inference

Question 6

True premises + validity of argument = Soundness

Answer 6

Sound Argument

Question 7

Comparing one thing to another due to their likeness to each other.

Answer 7

Analogy

Question 8

Words that bully us into accepting conclusions and premises when the reasoning is weak or flawed.

Answer 8

Clobber Words

Question 9

Where the premises imply the conclusion such that if the premises are true the conclusion must also be true.

Answer 9

Validity

Question 10

Mistakes or flaws in reasoning.

Answer 10

Fallacy

Question 11

Words or phrases whose role is to help identify the structure of the reasoning.

Answer 11

Structure indicator

Question 12

Inference to the best explanation, is a method of reasoning in which one chooses the hypothesis which would, if true, best explain the relevant evidence. Abductive reasoning starts from a set of accepted facts and infers to their most likely, or best, explanations.
Example
The surprising phenomenon, X, is observed.
Among hypotheses A, B, and C, A is capable of explaining X.
Hence, there is a reason to pursue A.

Answer 12

Abduction