Definitions Flashcards
Criteria associated with requirements, products, or the delivery cycle that must be met in order to achieve stakeholder acceptance.
acceptance criteria
A human, device, or system that plays some specified role in interacting with a solution.
actor (business analysis)
An approach where the solution evolves based on a cycle of learning and discovery, with feedback loops which encourage making decisions as late as possible.
adaptive approach
The design, structure, and behaviour of the current and future states of a structure in terms of its components, and the interaction between those components.
architecture
Any solution-relevant object that is created as part of business analysis efforts.
artifact (business analysis)
An influencing factor that is believed to be true but has not been confirmed to be accurate, or that could be true now but may not be in the future.
assumption
A business rule that places an obligation (or prohibition) conduct, action, practice, or procedure; a business rule whose purpose is to shape (govern) day-to-day business activity. Also known as operative rule.
behavioural business rule
A comparison of a decision, process, service, or system’s cost, time, quality, or other metrics to those of leading peers to identify opportunities for improvement.
benchmarking
The aggregated knowledge and generally accepted practices on a topic.
body of knowledge
A team activity that seeks to produce a broad or diverse set of options through the rapid and uncritical generation of ideas.
brainstorming
An economic system where any commercial, industrial, or professional activity is performed for profit.
business (business world)
The practice of enabling change in the context of an enterprise by defining needs and recommending solutions that deliver value to stakeholders.
business analysis
Any kind of information at any level of detail that is used as an input to business analysis work, or as an output of business analysis work.
business analysis information
A document, presentation, or other collection of text, matrices, diagrams and models, representing business analysis information.
business analysis package
Any person who performs business analysis, no matter their job title or organizational role
business analyst
The set of processes, rules, guidelines, heuristics, and activities that are used to perform business analysis in a specific context.
business analysis approach
A description of the types of communication the business analyst will perform during business analysis, the recipients of those communications, and the form and frequency of those communications.
business analysis communication plan
The scope of activities a business analyst is engaged in during the life cycle of an initiative.
business analysis effort
A description of the planned activities the business analyst will execute in order to perform the business analysis work involved in a specific initiative
business analysis plan
The design, structure, and behaviour of the current and future states of an enterprise to provide a common understanding of the organization. It is used to align the enterprise’s strategic objectives and tactical demands.
business architecture
A justification for a course of action based on the benefits to be realized by using the proposed solution, as compared to the cost, effort, and other considerations to acquire and live with that solution.
business case
A decision that can be made based on strategy, executive judgment, consensus, and business rules, and that is generally made in response to events or at defined points in a business process.
business decision
A state or condition that an organization is seeking to establish and maintain, usually expressed qualitatively rather than quantitatively.
business goal
A problem or opportunity of strategic or tactical importance to be addressed.
business need
An objective, measurable result to indicate that a business goal has been achieved.
business objective
A non-practicable directive that controls and influences the actions of an enterprise.
business policy
An issue of strategic or tactical importance preventing an enterprise or organization from achieving its goals.
business problem
An end-to-end set of activities which collectively responds to an event, and transforms information, materials, and other resources into outputs that deliver value directly to the customers of the process. It may be internal to an organization, or it may span several organizations.
business process
A management discipline that determines how manual and automated processes are created, modified, cancelled, and governed.
BPM (business process management)
Rethinking and redesigning business processes to generate improvements in performance measures.
business process re-engineering
A representation of goals, objectives and outcomes that describe why a change has been initiated and how success will be assessed.
business requirement
A specific, practicable, testable directive that is under the control of the business and that serves as a criterion for guiding behaviour, shaping judgments, or making decisions.
business rule
The set of activities the enterprise performs, the knowledge it has, the products and services it provides, the functions it supports, and the methods it uses to make decisions.
capability
The act of transformation in response to a need.
change
One who is a catalyst for change.
change agent
Controlling changes to requirements and designs so that the impact of requested changes is understood and agreed-to before the changes are made.
change control
Planned activities, tools, and techniques to address the human side of change during a change initiative, primarily addressing the needs of the people who will be most affected by the change.
change management
A plan to move from the current state to the future state to achieve the desired business objectives.
change strategy
A cross-functional group of individuals who are mandated to implement a change. This group may be comprised of product owners, business analysts, developers, project managers, implementation subject matter experts (SMEs), or any other individual with the relevant set of skills and competencies required to implement the change.
change team
A standard set of quality elements that reviewers use for requirements verification.
checklist (business analysis)
The act of two or more people working together towards a common goal.
collaboration
A prepackaged solution available in the marketplace which address all or most of the common needs of a large group of buyers of those solutions. It may require some configuration to meet the specific needs of the enterprise.
commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)
A structured assessment which captures the key characteristics of an industry to predict the long-term profitability prospects and to determine the practices of the most significant competitors.
competitive analysis
A uniquely identifiable element of a larger whole that fulfills a clear function.
component
An analysis model that develops the meaning of core concepts for a problem domain, defines their collective structure, and specifies the appropriate vocabulary needed to communicate about it consistently.
concept model
An influencing factor that cannot be changed, and that places a limit or restriction on a possible solution or solution option.
constraint (business analysis)
The circumstances that influence, are influenced by, and provide understanding of the change.
context
One of six ideas that are fundamental to the practice of business analysis
core concept (business analysis)
An analysis which compares and quantifies the financial and non-financial costs of making a change or implementing a solution compared to the benefits gained.
cost-benefit analysis
A two-dimensional matrix showing which user roles have permission to access specific information entities, and to create new records in those entities, view the data in existing records, update or modify the data in existing records, or delete existing records. The same type of matrix can be used to show which processes, instead of users, have the create, read, update and delete rights.
CRUD matrix
A stakeholder who uses or may use products or services produced by the enterprise and may have contractual or moral rights that the enterprise is obliged to meet.
customer
An approach to decision making that examines and models the possible consequences of different decisions, and assists in making an optimal decision under conditions of uncertainty.
decision analysis
A technique that subdivides a problem into its component parts in order to facilitate analysis and understanding of those components.
decomposition
A deficiency in a product or service that reduces its quality or varies from a desired attribute, state, or functionality.
defect
A rule that indicates something is necessarily true (or untrue); a rule that is intended as a definitional criterion for concepts, knowledge, or information. Also known as a structural rule.
definitional business rule
Any unique and verifiable work product or service that a party has agreed to deliver.
deliverable
A usable representation of a solution.
design
An examination of the documentation of an existing system in order to elicit requirements.
document analysis (business analysis)
The sphere of knowledge that defines a set of common requirements, terminology, and functionality for any program or initiative solving a problem.
domain
A stakeholder with in-depth knowledge of a topic relevant to the business need or solution scope.
domain subject matter expert
A project delivery framework which focuses on fixing cost, quality, and time at the beginning while contingency is managed by varying the features to be delivered.
DSDM (dynamic systems development method)
Iterative derivation and extraction of information from stakeholders or other sources.
elicitation
A stakeholder who directly interacts with the solution.
end user
A system of one or more organizations and the solutions they use to pursue a shared set of common goals.
enterprise
A description of the business processes, information technology, people, operations, information, and projects of an enterprise and the relationships between them.
enterprise architecture
An assessment that describes the enterprise is prepared to accept the change associated with a solution and is able to use it effectively.
enterprise readiness assessment
A graphical representation of the entities relevant to a chosen problem domain and the relationships between them.
entity-relationship diagram
A quantitative assessment of a planned outcome, resource requirements, and schedule where uncertainties and unknowns are systematically factored into the assessment.
estimate
The systematic and objective assessment of a solution to determine its status and efficacy in meeting objectives over time, and to identify ways to improve the solution to better meet objectives.
evaluation
An occurrence or incident to which an organizational unit, system, or process must respond.
event (business analysis)
A prototype that is continuously modified and updated in response to feedback from stakeholders.
evolutionary prototype
Elicitation performed in a controlled manner to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
experiment
An interaction that is outside the proposed solution. It can be another hardware system, software system, or a human interaction with which the proposed solution will interact.
external interface
The art of leading and encouraging people through systematic efforts toward agreed-upon objectives in a manner that enhances involvement, collaboration, productivity, and synergy.
facilitation
An evaluation of proposed alternatives to determine if they are technically, organizationally, and economically possible within the constraints of the enterprise, and whether they will deliver the desired benefits to the enterprise.
feasibility study
A distinguishing characteristic of a solution that implements a cohesive set of requirements and which delivers value for a set of stakeholders.
feature
A diagramming technique used in root cause analysis to identify underlying causes of an observed problem, and the relationships that exist between those causes. Also known as an Ishikawa or cause-and-effect diagram.
fishbone diagram
A group formed to elicit ideas and attitudes about a specific product, service, or opportunity in an interactive group environment. The participants share their impressions, preferences, and needs, guided by a moderator.
focus group
A graphical method for depicting the forces that support and oppose a change. Involves identifying the forces, depicting them on opposite sides of a line (supporting and opposing forces) and then estimating the strength of each set of forces.
force field analysis
A capability that a solution must have in terms of the behaviour and information the solution will manage.
functional requirement
A comparison of the current state and desired future state of an enterprise in order to identify differences that need to be addressed.
gap analysis
A process by which appropriate decision makers use relevant information to make decisions regarding a change or solution, including the means for obtaining approvals and priorities.
governance process (change)
An instruction or description on why or how to undertake a task.
guideline (business analysis)
A prototype that is used to explore requirements and designs at one level of a proposed solution, such as the customer-facing view or the interface to another organization.
horizontal prototype
An assessment of the effects a proposed change will have on a stakeholder or stakeholder group, project, or system.
impact analysis
A stakeholder who has specialized knowledge regarding the implementation of one or more solution components.
implementation subject matter expert
A specific numerical measurement that indicates progress toward achieving an impact, output, activity, or input.
indicator
A specific project, program, or action taken to solve some business problem(s) or achieve some specific change objective(s).
initiative
Information consumed or transformed to produce an output. It is the information necessary for a task to begin.
input (business analysis)
A formal review of a work product by qualified individuals that follows a predefined process, and uses predefined criteria, for defect identification and removal.
inspection
A shared boundary between any two persons and/or systems through which information is communicated.
interface
Ability of systems to communicate by exchanging data or services.
interoperability
Eliciting information from a person or group of people in an informal or formal setting by asking relevant questions and recording the responses.
interview
A single instance of progressive cycles of analysis, development, testing, or execution.
iteration (business analysis)
An area of expertise that includes several specific business analysis tasks.
knowledge area (business analysis)
A process improvement technique used to learn about and improve on a process or project. This session involves a special meeting in which the team explores what worked, what didn’t work, what could be learned from the just-completed iteration, and how to adapt processes and techniques before continuing or starting anew.
lessons learned process
A series of changes an item or object undergoes from inception to retirement
life cycle
A textual form of modelling used to represent information that can be categorized, cross-referenced, and represented in a table format.
matrix
A description of data to help understand how to use that data, either in terms of the structure and specification of the data, or the description of a specific instance of an object.
metadata
A body of methods, techniques, procedures, working concepts, and rules used to solve a problem
methodology
A quantifiable level of an indicator measured at a specified point in time. mission statement
metric
A representation and simplification of reality developed to convey information to a specific audience to support analysis, communication, and understanding.
model
Collecting data on a continuous basis from a solution in order to determine how well a solution is implemented compared to expected results.
monitoring
A problem or opportunity to be addressed.
need
A type of requirement that describes the performance or quality attributes a solution must meet. They are usually measurable and act as constraints on the design of a solution as a whole.
non-functional requirement
Studying and analyzing one or more stakeholders in their work environment in order to elicit requirements.
observation (business analysis)
A business intelligence approach that allows users to analyze large amounts of data from different points of view.
OLAP (online analytical processing)
A stakeholder who is responsible for the day-to-day management and maintenance of a system or product.
operational support
An autonomous group of people under the management of a single individual or board, that works towards common goals and objectives.
organization
A function inside the enterprise, made up of components such as processes, technologies, and information and used by organizations to achieve their goals.
organizational capability
The analysis technique used to describe roles, responsibilities and reporting structures that exist within an enterprise.
organization modelling
Any recognized association of people within an organization or enterprise.
organizational unit
A formal or informal review of a work product to identify errors or opportunities for improvement.
peer review
A detailed scheme for doing or achieving something usually comprising a set of events, dependencies, expected sequence, schedule, results or outcomes, materials and resources needed, and how stakeholders need to be involved.
plan
An approach where planning and baselines are established early in the life cycle of the initiative in order to maximize control and minimize risk.
predictive approach
Determining the relative importance of a set of items in order to determine the order in which they will be addressed.
prioritization
A set of activities designed to accomplish a specific objective by taking one or more defined inputs and turning them into defined outputs.
process
A set of diagrams and supporting information about a process and factors that could influence the process. Some are used to simulate the performance of the process.
process model
A solution or component of a solution that is the result of an initiative.
product (business analysis)
A set of user stories, requirements, or features that have been identified as candidates for potential implementation, prioritized, and estimated.
product backlog
A brief statement or paragraph that describes the goals of the solution and how it supports the strategy of the organization or enterprise.
product vision statement
A temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
project
A stakeholder who is responsible for managing the work required to deliver a solution that meets a business need, and for ensuring that the project’s objectives are met while balancing the project constraints, including scope, budget, schedule, resources, quality, and risk.
project manager
The work that must be performed to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and functions.
project scope
A model created to validate the design of a solution without modelling the appearance, materials used in the creation of work, or processes and workflows ultimately used by the stakeholders.
proof of concept
A partial or simulated approximation of the solution for the purpose of eliciting or verifying requirements with stakeholders.
prototype
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills needs.
quality
A set of activities performed to ensure that a process will deliver products that meet an appropriate level of quality.
quality assurance
A set of measures used to judge the overall quality of a system.
quality attributes
A set of defined questions, with a choice of answers, used to collect information from respondents.
questionnaire
A stakeholder from outside the organization who is responsible for the definition and enforcement of standards.
regulator
A real or virtual facility where all information on a specific topic is stored and is available for retrieval.
repository
A formal elicitation method intended to collect information regarding a vendor’s capabilities or any other information relevant to a potential upcoming procurement.
RFI (request for information)
A requirements document issued when an organization is seeking a formal proposal from vendors. It typically requires that the proposals be submitted following a specific process and using sealed bids which will be evaluated against a formal evaluation methodology.
RFP (request for proposal)
A procurement method of soliciting price and solution options from vendors.
RFQ (request for quote)
An open invitation to vendors to submit a proposal for goods or services.
RFT (request for tender)
A usable representation of a need.
requirement
A characteristic or property of a requirement used to assist with requirements management.
requirements attribute
The process of assigning requirements to be implemented by specific solution components.
requirements allocation
The requirements of an initiative and the interrelationships between these requirements.
requirements architecture
A business analysis artifact containing information about requirements such as a diagram, matrix, document or model.
requirements artifact
A problem or error in a requirement. They may occur because a requirement is poor quality or because it does not describe a need that, if met, would provide value to stakeholders.
requirements defect
The stages through which a requirement progresses from inception to retirement.
requirements life cycle
Planning, executing, monitoring, and controlling any or all of the work associated with requirements elicitation and collaboration, requirements analysis and design, and requirements life cycle management.
requirements management
A subset of the business analysis plan for a specific change initiative, describing specific tools, activities, and roles and responsibilities that will be used on the initiative to manage the requirements.
requirements management plan
An abstract (usually graphical) representation of some aspect of the current or future state.
requirements model
A specialized form of a business analysis package primarily concerned with requirements. It may represent a baseline of a collection of requirements.
requirements package
The ability for tracking the relationships between sets of requirements and designs from the original stakeholder need to the actual implemented solution. It supports change control by ensuring that the source of a requirement or design can be identified and other related requirements and designs potentially affected by a change are known.
requirements traceability
Work done to evaluate requirements to ensure they support the delivery of the expected benefits and are within the solution scope.
requirements validation
Work done to evaluate requirements to ensure they are defined correctly and are at an acceptable level of quality. It ensures the requirements are sufficiently defined and structured so that the solution development team can use them in the design, development, and implementation of the solution.
requirements verification
A structured meeting in which a carefully selected group of stakeholders collaborate to define and/or refine requirements under the guidance of a skilled neutral facilitator.
requirements workshop
The risk remaining after action has been taken or plans have been put in place to deal with the original risk.
residual risk
A measure of the profitability of a project or investment.
ROI (return on investment)
A tool used to identify the responsibilities of roles or team members and the activities or deliverables in which they will participate, by doing the work, approving the results, providing input, or being informed of the completed item after it has been completed.
RACI matrix (responsible, accountable, consulted, and informed)
The effect of uncertainty on the value of a change, a solution, or the enterprise.
risk (business analysis)
Identifying, analyzing and evaluating risks.
risk assessment
The cause of a problem having no deeper cause, usually one of several possible causes.
root cause
A structured examination of an identified problem to understand the underlying causes.
root cause analysis
The boundaries of control, change, a solution, or a need.
scope
A model that defines the boundaries of a business domain or solution.
scope model
An actor external to the system under design that supports the execution of a use case.
secondary actor
A type of diagram that shows objects participating in interactions and the messages exchanged between them.
sequence diagram
The performance of any duties or work for a stakeholder, from the perspective of the stakeholder.
service (business analysis)
A specific way of satisfying one or more needs in a context.
solution
A sub-part of a solution that can be people, infrastructure, hardware, software, equipment, facilities, and process assets or any combination of these sub-parts.
solution component
One possible way to satisfy one or more needs in a context.
solution option
A capability or quality of a solution that meets the stakeholder requirements. They can be divided into two sub-categories: functional requirements and non-functional requirements
solution requirement
The stages through which a solution progresses from inception to retirement.
solution life cycle
The set of capabilities a solution must deliver in order to meet the business need.
solution scope
A stakeholder who is responsible for initiating the effort to define a business need and develop a solution that meets that need. They authorize the work to be performed and control the budget and scope for the initiative.
sponsor
A group or individual with a relationship to the change, the need, or the solution.
stakeholder
Identifying and analyzing the stakeholders who may be impacted by the change and assess their impact, participation, and needs throughout the business analysis activities.
stakeholder analysis
A catalogue of the stakeholders affected by a change, business need, or proposed solution, and a description of their attributes and characteristics related to their involvement in the initiative.
stakeholder list
The role a business analyst takes when representing the needs of a stakeholder or stakeholder group.
stakeholder proxy (business analyst)
A description of the needs of a particular stakeholder or class of stakeholders that must be met in order to achieve the business requirements. They may serve as a bridge between business requirements and the various categories of solution requirements.
stakeholder requirement
An analysis model showing the life cycle of a data entity or class.
state diagram
A requirement articulated by a stakeholder that has not been analyzed, verified, or validated. They frequently reflect the desires of a stakeholder rather than the actual need.
stated requirement
A written description of the services or tasks that are required to be performed.
SOW (statement of work)
A description of the chosen approach to apply the capabilities of an enterprise in order to reach a desired set of goals or objectives.
strategy
An analysis model used to understand influencing factors and how they may affect an initiative.
SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats)
A stakeholder outside the boundary of a given organization or organizational unit who provides products or services to the organization and may have contractual or moral rights and obligations that must be considered.
supplier
A tool used to describe relevant high-level elements of a process. May be used in conjunction with process mapping and ‘in/out of scope’ tools, to provide additional detail.
SIPOC (suppliers, inputs, process, outputs, and customers)
Collecting and measuring the opinions or experiences of a group of people through a series of questions.
survey
A horizontal or vertical section of a process diagram that shows which activities are performed by a particular actor or role.
swimlane
A set of interdependent components that interact in various ways to produce a set of desired outcomes.
system
A discrete piece of work that may be performed formally or informally as part of business analysis.
task (business analysis)
A manner, method, or style for conducting a business analysis task or for shaping its output.
technique
An event based on time that can trigger the initiation of a process, evaluation of business rules, or some other response.
temporal event
An individual responsible for determining how to verify that the solution meets the requirements defined by the business analyst, and conducting the verification process.
tester
A prototype used to quickly uncover and clarify requirements or designs using simple tools, sometimes just paper and pencil. It is intended to be discarded when the final system has been developed.
throw-away prototype
An agreed-upon period of time in which an activity is conducted or a defined deliverable is intended to be produced.
time-box
A requirement that describes the capabilities the solution must have and the conditions the solution must meet to facilitate transition from the current state to the future state, but which are not needed once the change is complete. They are differentiated from other requirements types because they are of a temporary nature.
transition requirement
A description of the observable interaction between an actor (or actors) and a solution that occurs when the actor uses the system to accomplish a specific goal.
use case
A type of diagram defined by UML® that captures all actors and use cases involved with a system or product.
use case diagram
Assessing whether the delivered solution meets the needs of the stakeholder group that will be using the solution. The assessment is validated against identified acceptance criteria.
UAT (user acceptance test)
A small, concise statement of functionality or quality needed to deliver value to a specific stakeholder.
user story
The process of checking that a deliverable is suitable for its intended use.
validation (business analysis)
A requirement that has been reviewed and is determined to support the delivery of the expected benefits, and is within the solution scope.
validated requirement
The worth, importance, or usefulness of something to a stakeholder in a context.
value (business analysis)
A complete, fact-based, time-series representation of the stream of activities required to deliver a product or service.
value stream mapping
The process of determining that a deliverable or artifact meets an acceptable standard of quality.
verification (business analysis)
A requirement that has been reviewed and is determined to be defined correctly, adheres to standards or guidelines, and is at an acceptable level of detail.
verified requirement
A prototype that is used to drill down into a proposed solution to uncover requirement and design considerations through multiple layers of a solution that are not easily understood or that are not discernible on the surface. It may include interaction between several solution components.
vertical prototype
A set of conventions that define how requirements will be represented, how these representations will be organized, and how they will be related.
viewpoint
A review in which participants step through an artifact or set of artifacts with the intention of validating the requirements or designs, and to identify requirements or design errors, inconsistencies, omissions, inaccuracies, or conflicts.
walkthrough
A deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed to accomplish objectives and create the required deliverables. It organizes and defines the total scope of the project.
WBS (work breakdown structure)
A document or collection of notes or diagrams used by the business analyst during the requirements development process.
work product (business analysis)
A facilitated and focused event attended by key stakeholders for the purpose of achieving a defined goal.
Workshop
