Definitions

Question 1

Nutrition

Answer 1

Food, vitamins, and minerals that are ingested and assimilated into the body

Question 2

Assimilation

Answer 2

Process of getting nutrient molecules into the cells of the body and chemically preparing them for use in the chemical reactions of the body.

Question 3

Metabolism

Answer 3

Process of using nutrient molecules as energy sources and as building blocks for our own molecules.

Question 4

Catabolism

Answer 4

Breaks nutrient molecules down, releasing their stored energy.

Question 5

Anabolism

Answer 5

Builds nutrient molecules into complex substances.

Question 6

Metabolic function of the Liver

Answer 6

A. Secretes bile (physically breaks down large lipid globules)
B. Maintains normal blood glucose level
C. Metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; synthesizes several kinds of protein compounds
D. Removes toxins from the blood
E. Stores useful substances

Question 7

Nutrients

Answer 7

Food components digested, absorbed, and used by the body

Question 8

Dietary Sources of Nutrients

Answer 8

Macronutrients & Micronutrients

Question 9

Macronutrients

Answer 9

Nutrients needed in large daily quantities (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)

Question 10

Micronutrients

Answer 10

Nutrients needed in tiny daily quantities

Minerals & Vitamins

Question 11

Carbohydrates

Answer 11

Preferred energy nutrient of the body.

Carbohydrates are primarily catabolized for energy.

Question 12

Glucose Metabolism

Answer 12

3 series of chemical reactions in glucose metabolism 1.Glycolysis 2.Citric Acid Cycle 3.Electron Transport system

Question 13

Glycolysis (glucose metabolism)

Answer 13

1. Changes glucose to pyruvic acid
2. Anaerobic (uses no oxygen)
3. Yields small amount of energy; nets adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules
4. Occurs in cytoplasm

Question 14

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) (Glucose Metabolism)

Answer 14

1. Changes pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide
2. Aerobic (requires oxygen)
3. Yields large amount of energy (mostly by releasing high-energy electrons to the electron transport system ETS)
4. Occurs in the mitochondria

Question 15

Glucose Anabolism

Answer 15

2 series of chemical reaction in glucose anabolism.
1. Glycogenesis 3. Glycogenysis

Question 16

Glycogen (Glucose Anabolism)

Answer 16

Glucose that is not needed immediately for making ATP is stored as glycogen (a long chain of glucose subunits) and liver and muscle cells 

Question 17

Glycogenesis (glucose anabolism)

Answer 17

Anabolic process of joining glucose molecules together in a chain to form glycogen (to store glucose for later use)

Question 18

Glycogenolysis (glucose anabolism)

Answer 18

Catabolic process of breaking apart, glycogen chains and releasing individual glucose molecules for use in making ATP 

Question 19

Blood Glucose (blood sugar)

Answer 19

Normally stays between about 80 and 110 mg/ 100 mL of blood during fasting; insulin accelerates the movement of glucose from blood into cells, therefore decreasing blood glucose and increasing glucose catabolism

Question 20

Lipids

Answer 20

Catabolized to yield energy and anabolized to form adipose tissue 

Question 21

Proteins (metabolism)

Answer 21

Primarily anabolized and secondarily catabolized.
1. Use of the amine portions of a protein to create energy in the glucose pathway is a process called glucogenesis.
2. Essential amino acids are those that must be in the diet because the body cannot make them. 

Question 22

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 22

Is a process that uses the amine portions of a proteins to create energy in the glucose pathway 

Question 23

Essential amino acids

Answer 23

Are those that must be in the diet because the body cannot make them 

Question 24

Vitamin

Answer 24

Organic molecules that are needed in small amounts for normal metabolism

Question 25

Minerals

Answer 25

Inorganic molecules found naturally in the Earth required by the body for normal function
Ex. Calcium, iodine and sodium

Question 26

Regulating food intake

Answer 26

A. Regulatory centers in the hypothalamus play primary role in controlling food intake
B. Food intake, regulations results from balance between hypothalamic control centers.
C. Many diverse factors influence the hypothalamic control centers. 

Question 27

Appetite center

Answer 27

Produces feeling of hunger

Question 28

Satiety center

Answer 28

Produces feelings of satisfaction

Question 29

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 29

Rate of metabolism, when a person is lying down, but awake and not digesting food, and when the environment is comfortably warm

Question 30

Total metabolic rate

Answer 30

The total amount of energy expressed in calories, used by the body per day

Question 31

Body temperature

Answer 31

A. Hypothalamus - regulates the homeostasis, a body temperature through a variety of processes
B. Skin - can cool the body by losing heat from the blood through four processes: radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation 
C. The body can generate heat to maintain homeostasis over the short term (shivering) or the long-term (changes in metabolic rate)
D. Heating and cooling a body is controlled by feedback loops that maintain a stable body temperature.


Question 32

Radiation

Answer 32

Flow of heat waves from the blood and skin

Question 33

Conduction

Answer 33

Transfer of heat energy to the skin and then to cooler external environment

Question 34

Convection

Answer 34

Transfer of heat energy to cooler air that is continually flowing away from the skin

Question 35

Evaporation

Answer 35

Removal of heat from blood vessels in the skin as water sweat vaporizes