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PSYC 304 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical methods

A

A way of knowing something by experience like intuition and common sense

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2
Q

Non-empirical methods

A

A way of knowing something with authority or logic

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3
Q

Science

A

An empirical way of knowing something based on objective observations

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4
Q

Realism

A

The philosophy that objects perceived have an existence outside the mind

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5
Q

Rationality

A

A view that reasoning is the basis for solving problems

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6
Q

Regularity

A

A belief that phenomena exist in recurring patterns that conform with universal laws

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7
Q

Determinism

A

The doctrine that all events happen because of preceding causes

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8
Q

Validity

A

An indication of accuracy in terms of how much a research conclusion corresponds with reality

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9
Q

Internal validity

A

The extent in which a study provides evidence of a cause-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables

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10
Q

Construct validity

A

The extent in which the results support the theory behind the research

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11
Q

External validity

A

The extent in which the findings of an experiment generalize to other situations or populations

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12
Q

Statistical conclusion validity

A

The extent in which data are shown to be the result of cause-effect relationship rather than by accident

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13
Q

History

A

A threat to internal validity of outside events that may influence the subjects

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14
Q

Maturation

A

A threat to internal validity where subjects may change between repeated measures of the dependent variable due to passage of time

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15
Q

Regression effects

A

A threat to internal validity where the tendency of subjects with extreme scores on a first measure score closer to the mean in a second measure

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16
Q

Selection

A

A threat to internal validity/confound that can occur due to unequal distribution of subject-related variables such as sex or weight

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17
Q

Mortality

A

A threat to internal validity when some subjects drop out of an experiment before it is done

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18
Q

Role demands

A

Participants expectations of what an experiment requires them to do

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19
Q

Subject bias

A

When role demands interfere with the purpose of a study and elicit effects such as the good subject tendency

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20
Q

Experimentor bias

A

A threat to internal validity when an experimentor’s own bias can influence an experiment

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21
Q

Control

A

Any means used to rule out threats to validity

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22
Q

Randomization

A

An unbiased assignment process that gives each subject an equal and independent chance of being placed in every condition

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23
Q

Matching

A

A control procedure that ensures that experimental and control groups are equated on one or more variables before the experiment

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24
Q

Statistical control

A

A mathematical means of comparing subjects on paper when they cannot be equated as they exist in fact

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25
Q

Non-experimental research

A

Research which does not involve the manipulation of an independent variable

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26
Q

Correlational research

A

Non experimental research that measures two or more variables to determine the degree of relationship between them

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27
Q

Reactive measures

A

The presence of the observer changes the behaviors of the people being observed

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28
Q

Archival data

A

Factual information in existing records

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29
Q

Content analysis

A

Evaluating the pictures and language in publicly available texts to evaluate a hypothesis

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30
Q

Manifest content

A

The content of a text or photograph as indicated by measuring the frequency of some objective word, phrase, or action

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31
Q

Latent content

A

The content of a text or photograph as measured by the appearance of themes as interpreted by the researcher

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32
Q

Case study

A

An exploratory study of an existing situation as a means of creating and testing a hypothesis

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33
Q

Population

A

All individuals of interest to the researcher

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34
Q

Sample

A

A specific list of the individuals in the population of interest

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35
Q

Sampling frame

A

A specific list of a certain number of the individuals in a population of interest

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36
Q

Element

A

An individual member of a sampling frame

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37
Q

Acquiescence

A

The tendency on a survey to agree with a statement on a questionnaire, regardless of its content

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38
Q

Likert scale

A

A question that asks for a rating of the extent of agreement or disagreement with a statement; a rating scale

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39
Q

Response or return rate

A

In survey research, the percentage of individuals in the sample who return the completed survey

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40
Q

Simple random sampling

A

A group chosen from an entire population such that every member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected in a single sample

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41
Q

Systematic sampling

A

A probability sample that is not randomly selected involving selecting elements from an ordered sampling frame

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42
Q

Stratified sampling

A

The population is divided into strata, and random samples are drawn from each of these strata

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43
Q

Cluster sampling

A

A group is selected by using clusters or groups from a larger population

44
Q

ABA design

A

A single subject research design that includes a baseline period, a treatment period, and a withdrawal of treatment period

45
Q

ABAB design

A

A single subject design Also called repeated treatments or replicated design: it is an ABA design with treatment repeated after the withdrawal phase

46
Q

Single-subject research

A

Experimental designs that involve a single subject focusing on an examination of behavior change in one person

47
Q

Baseline

A

The measure of behavior before treatment that establishes a reference point for evaluating the effect of treatment

48
Q

Treatment

A

Another word for a condition of an experiment

49
Q

Multiple-baseline design

A

A single subject research design that introduces different experimental manipulations to see if changes coincide with manipulation.

50
Q

Changing-criterion design

A

A single subject research design that introduces successively more stringent criteria for rewards to see if behavior change coincides with the changing reward criteria

51
Q

True experiment

A

An experiment that has complete control over all aspects including assignment of subjects to conditions and presentation of conditions to subjects

52
Q

Ex post facto design

A

A quasi experiment conducted after the groups have already been formed

53
Q

Factors

A

The independent variables of an experiment

54
Q

Level

A

A particular value of an independent variable which always has at least two levels

55
Q

Condition

A

A group or treatment in an experiment

56
Q

Between-subjects design

A

Also called within groups, where subjects are randomly assigned to each of the levels of the independent variable. So subjects can only belong to one level.

57
Q

Within subjects design

A

All participants are exposed to each level of the independent variable. Also called repeated measures design.

58
Q

Order effect

A

Changes in a subjects performance resulting from the position in which a condition appears in an experiment

59
Q

Sequence effects

A

Changes in a subjects performance resulting from interactions among the conditions themselves

60
Q

Block randomization

A

A control procedure where the order of conditions is randomized with each condition being presented once before any condition is repeated

61
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Controlling for order and sequence effects within subjects by arranging subjects to experience conditions in different orders

62
Q

Latin square

A

A incomplete counterbalancing technique to control for order effects in which each subject experiences each condition in a different order from other subjects

63
Q

Subject variables

A

Cases in which the independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher but rather represent intact group membership such as age or gender. They are the focus of quasi experiments

64
Q

Factorial design

A

Research design that involves all combinations of two or more factors

65
Q

Main effect

A

The effect of one independent variable averaged over all levels of another independent variable

66
Q

Interaction effect

A

When the effect of one independent variable depends on the levels of another independent variable

67
Q

Mixed design

A

Designs which contain at least one variable that is presented in a within-subjects fashion and one other variable that is presented in a between-subjects fashion

68
Q

Condition (factorial)

A

A single combination from all the combinations of factors

69
Q

Quasi experiments

A

Research procedure in which the scientist must select subjects for different conditions from pre-existing groups

70
Q

Non-equivalent control group design

A

A quasi experimental research design having both an experimental and a control group where subjects are not randomly assigned

71
Q

Repeated treatment designs

A

A quasi experimental research design in which a treatment is withdrawn then presented a second time

72
Q

Interrupted time-series design

A

A quasi experimental research design that allows the same group to be compared over time by considering the trend of the data before and after experimental manipulation

73
Q

Program evaluation

A

A set of techniques for determining the effectiveness of a social service program

74
Q

Summative evaluation

A

An evaluation of the quality of a project

75
Q

Formative evaluation

A

An evaluation of ways to improve a project while it is ongoing

76
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

In developmental research, a quasi study that tests different age groups at the same time

77
Q

Longitudinal study

A

In developmental research, a quasi study that tests individuals in a single cohort over the course of time

78
Q

Secular

A

Changes taking place in the general population over time

79
Q

Cross-sequential design

A

A quasi design used to help separate developmental, cohort, and secular effects

80
Q

Law

A

A statement that certain events are regularly associated with each other in an orderly way

81
Q

Theory

A

Statements explaining one or more laws, usually including one indirect concept to explain the relationship

82
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement assumed to be true for the purpose of testing its validity

83
Q

Paradigm

A

A set of laws, theories, methods, and applications that form a scientific research tradition

84
Q

Variables

A

Aspect of a testing condition that can change or take on different conditions

85
Q

Dependent variable

A

A measure of the subjects behavior that reflects the independent variables effects

86
Q

Independent variable

A

The condition manipulated or selected by the experimentor to determine its effect on behavior

87
Q

Confounded variable

A

One whose effect cannot be separated from the supposed independent variable

88
Q

Reliability

A

The property of consistency of a measurement that gives the same result on different occasions

89
Q

Validity of measurement

A

The property of a measurement that tests what it is supposed to test

90
Q

Content validity

A

Idea that a test should sample the range of behavior represented by the theoretical concept being tested

91
Q

Criterion validity

A

Idea that a valid test should relate closely to other measures of the same theoretical construct

92
Q

Internal consistency

A

A type of reliability of measure, which concerns whether the various items on a test are measures of the same thing

93
Q

Ambiguous temporal precedence

A

A threat to validity when two variables are related but it isn’t clear which one is the cause and which is the effect

94
Q

Effects of testing

A

A threat to internal validity when performance on a second test is influenced by having taken a first test

95
Q

Repeated testing

A

A threat to internal validity where prior measurement of the dependent variable may affect the results obtained from subsequent measures

96
Q

Instrumentation

A

A threat to internal validity where the reliability of the instrument used to measure the dependent variable or manipulate the independent variable may change

97
Q

Pilot study

A

A small scale study done to pretest and modify a study design and procedures to increase the precision of the study

98
Q

Survey

A

A method of gathering scientific information used to describe people’s thoughts, feelings, opinions, and attitudes on some issue. Also used to predict people’s behaviors using correlations and to dispel myths.

99
Q

Complete counterbalancing

A

A way to control for order and sequence effects both within and between subjects by making each condition occur an equal amount of times in each rank order position of a subject, and follows every other condition an equal number of times

100
Q

Ordinal

A

Arranging objects by name and magnitude

101
Q

Nominal

A

Arranging objects based on similarities

102
Q

Continuous variable

A

One that falls along a continuum and is not limited to a certain number of values

103
Q

Discrete variables

A

One that falls into separate bins with no intermediate values possible.

104
Q

Interval scale

A

Where the differences between numbers are meaningful and which include nominal and ordinal properties

105
Q

Ratio scale

A

A measure having a meaningful zero point that has nominal, ordinal, and interval properties

106
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Concerns whether the same measure would yield the same result on a different occasion

PSYC 304 (2 decks)

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