Concepts

Question 1

What is the main purpose of matching?

Answer 1

To reduce initial differences between the experimental and control groups on the dependent variable

Question 2

Name four kinds of non-experimental research

Answer 2

Observational research. Archival research. Case study. Survey.

Question 3

When is participant-observer research useful?

Answer 3

When studying small groups not open to the public

Question 4

What is the advantage and disadvantage of using physical trace measures?

Answer 4

It is non reactive, but there may be erosion

Question 5

What are the common single-subject research designs?

Answer 5

Comparison (AB), withdrawal of treatment (ABA), repeated treatments (ABAB), multiple baselines, changing criterion

Question 6

When are multiple-baseline designs useful?

Answer 6

If the expected behavior change is irreversible, because you don’t have to remove the treatment to demonstrate causality

Question 7

What are the two basic elements of a good experimental design

Answer 7

The existence of a control group or condition and the random allocation of subjects

Question 8

When are within-subjects designs used?

Answer 8

To compare different treatment conditions and to investigate changes over time

Question 9

When would experimentors avoid a within-subjects design?

Answer 9

If they believe carryover effects will be substantial

Question 10

What are the two carryover effects?

Answer 10

Order effects and sequence effects

Question 11

How do you control for order and sequence effects within subjects?

Answer 11

Counterbalancing or block randomization

Question 12

What is the ABBA sequence called?

Answer 12

Reverse counterbalancing

Question 13

When is reverse counterbalancing used?

Answer 13

When only a few subjects will be tested on many conditions that are only presented a few times

Question 14

What is the major advantage of cluster sampling over simple random sampling?

Answer 14

It saves time and money

Question 15

What are three basic control strategies in single subject research?

Answer 15

Withdrawing the treatment, repeating treatments, and using multiple baselines

Question 16

How can you tell there is an interaction in a line graph representing a 2x2 factorial experiment?

Answer 16

The two lines are not parallel

Question 17

How do you control for order and sequence effects between subjects?

Answer 17

Use a control group and randomly allocate subjects to groups

Question 18

What are three designs to avoid in research?

Answer 18

One group post test only
Non equivalent control group
One group pretest post test

Question 19

What are factorial designs?

Answer 19

True experiments which manipulate more than one variable at a time so you can see how two or more independent variables interact with one another

Question 20

How can a quasi experiment be better than a true experiment?

Answer 20

The external validity may be higher when a quasi experiment would fit better for the issue being investigated

Question 21

Which quasi experimental designs can be used with a single subject?

Answer 21

Repeated treatment and interrupted time series

Question 22

When could you use stratified random sample?

Answer 22

If you are using a population that has identifiable subgroups that are likely to differ markedly in their responses

Question 23

When to use simple random sample

Answer 23

When we believe the population of interest is relatively homogeneous with respect to the questions of interest