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INHERITANCE > DEFINITIONS > Flashcards

DEFINITIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Gamete

A

a mature haploid or female germ cell which is able to fuse and form a zygote.

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2
Q

Zygote

A

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes.

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3
Q

Haploid

A

a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

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4
Q

Diploid

A

a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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5
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes joined by a centromere with the same genes in the same order with variation between them.

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6
Q

Karyotype

A

the number of visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell of an organism

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7
Q

Bivalent

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes

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8
Q

Chiasma

A

a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis. The point at which crossing over occurs.

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9
Q

Crossing over

A

an exchange of genetic material between two chromosomes.

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10
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meosis.

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11
Q

Reduction division

A

the first cell division in meiosis, the process by which germ cells are formed.

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12
Q

Locus

A

the physical site of a specific gene on a chromosome

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13
Q

Allele

A

one of two or more DNA sequences occurring at a particular gene locus.

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14
Q

Independent assortment

A

how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.

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15
Q

Random fertilisation

A

a source of genetic variation in offspring’s. The idea that a random gamete will fuse with another random gamete.

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16
Q

Genotypes

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

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17
Q

Phenotypes

A

the visual characteristics expressed by an organisms genetic makeup

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18
Q

Homozygous

A

two identical alleles at a gene locus

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19
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles at a gene locus

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20
Q

Dominant

A

always expressed and masks the recessive allele.

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21
Q

Recessive

A

only expressed when there are two recessive alleles.

22
Q

Multiple alleles

A

three or more alleles for one particular gene.

23
Q

Codominant

A

a type of inheritance in which two versions of alleles of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual

24
Q

Monohybrid inheritance

A

the inheritance of characteristics controlled by a single gene

25
Q

DIHYBRID inheritance

A

the inheritance of two genes that determine two different characteristics or influence the same characteristics.

26
Q

Punnett square

A

a graphical representation of the possible genotypes of an offspring arising from a particular cross.

27
Q

Test cross

A

an experimental cross of an individual organism of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and an organism with a homozygous recessive genotype and phenotype.

28
Q

Sex linkage

A

characteristics or traits that are influence by genes carried on the sex chromosomes.

29
Q

Carrier

A

an individual who carriers one recessive allele for an autosomal disorder.

30
Q

EPISTASIS

A

a circumstance where the expression of one gene is modified by the expression of one or more other genes.

31
Q

Autosomal linkage

A

two or more genes on the same chromosome do not a sort independently during meiosis. These genes are linked and stay together in the original parental combination.

32
Q

Recombinants

A

DNA, proteins, cells or organisms that are made by combining genetic material from two different sources.

33
Q

Chi-squared test

A

a statistical tests commonly used to determine if there is a significant association between two variables.

34
Q

TYR gene

A

a gene which provides instructions for making an enzyme called tyrosinase. Tyrosinase’s absence leads to albinism.

35
Q

HBB gene

A

provides instructions for making a protein called beta-globin. Its absence leads to sickle cell traits.

36
Q

HTT gene

A

provides instructions for making a protein called Huntingtin. Its absence lead to Huntingtons disease

37
Q

F8 gene

A

provides instructions for making a protein called coagulation factor VIII which helps blood clot. Its absence leads to haemophilia.

38
Q

Le gene

A

codes for giberellin which elongates plant cells for growth. Its absence leads to short plants with little growth.

39
Q

B-galactosidase

A

an enzyme which catalyses hydrolysis of lactose into galactose and glucose

40
Q

Transacetylase

A

any enzyme that catalyses the transfer of an acetyl group from one molecule to another.

41
Q

Lactose permease

A

a transmembrane protein that facilitates the passage of lactose across the phospholipid bi-layer of the cell membrane

42
Q

Structural gene

A

codes for a protein - structural / enzyme

43
Q

Regulatory gene

A

codes for a protein that regulates expression of another gene.

44
Q

OPERON

A

a length of DNA making up a unit of DNA expression in a bacterium - includes both structural and regulatory genes.

45
Q

Inducible enzyme

A

an enzyme that is expressed only under conditions in which it is clearly of adaptive value.

46
Q

Repressible enzyme

A

an enzyme which is supposed or production is inhibited by a particular metabolite produced in a pathway.

47
Q

Transcription factor

A

proteins involved in the process of converting or transcribing DNA into RNA

48
Q

Promoter region

A

Where RNA polymerase binds

49
Q

Operator region

A

Where repressor protein binds

50
Q

Repressor protein

A

Inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator

INHERITANCE (7 decks)

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