definitions Flashcards
the study of the cause of disease
etiology
how a disease develops
pathogenesis
disease with no identifiable cause
idiopathic
disease the occurs as a result of medical treatment
iatrogenic
period during which there is a decrease in severity of disease
remission
severity of disease made worse
exacerbation
decrease in size
atrophy
increase in size
hypertrophy
increase in number of cells
hyperplasia
reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type
metaplasia
abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells
dysplasia
lack of sufficient oxygen for cells
hypoxia
reduced blood supply to cells in one area
ischemia
type of endogenous free radicals that are kept in check by KOS scavengers
reactive oxygen species
caused by hypoxia and infarcts, is the manifestation of protein deviation (coagulation) which causes the tissue to become firm and opaque
coagulative necrosis
a pattern of cell death caused by several etiological factors
liquefactive necrosis
a unique form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance
caseous necrosis
A benign condition in which fat tissue in the breast or other organs is damaged by injury, surgery, or radiation therapy
fat necrosis
a condition that occurs due to coagulative necrosis. Skin becomes dry, wrinkles and dark
dry gangrene
a condition that occurs due to liquefactive necrosis, unusually in internal organs, where area becomes cold, swollen, and blck with a foul odor due to bacterial action
wet gangrene
a specific condition caused by infection with a species of bacteria (clostridium species)
gas gangrene
programmed cell death caused by both normal and pathologic tissue changes (cell suicide)
apoptosis
part of the innate (non-specific) immune response to tissue injury or microbial infection. Relatively severe, but short term
acute inflammation
lasts longer than acute inflammation.Your body continues sending inflammatory cells even when there is no outside danger
chronic inflammation
activate the inflammatory response
mast cell
cascade reactions that activate proteins which either kill pathogens directly or intensify reactions of other components of the inflammatory response = very potent defenders against bacteria infection
complement system
one of the first chemicals to be released during acute inflammation. Increases vascular dilation and permeability
histamine
made from long chain fatty acids that produce various effects (induce inflammation, vasoconstriction/dilation) depending upon the tissue. Leukotrienes important cause of asthma and anaphylaxis
prostaglandins and leukotrienes
proteins produced by many cell types to communicate with each other in producing an effective inflammatory response
cytokines
function mainly as chemoattractants to recruit and direct the migration of immune and inflammatory cells
chemokines
low protein content, similar to fluid under a blister
serous exudate
greater injury, increased inflammation and vessels become more permeable, releasing more proteins out into tissue. Flud is sticky and thick, and may have to be removed for healing
fibrinous exudate
“pus”- severe inflammation accompanied by infection. Large pockets may have to be drained for healing to occur
purulent exudate
contains a large amount of RBC. Occurs with severe inflammation
hemorrhagic exudate
an increase in the number of immature cell types among the blood cells in a sample of blood
shift to the left
chemicals released by cells in the injured area attract leukocytes
chemotaxis
a special type of chronic inflammation characterized by often focal collections of macrophages, epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells
granulomatous inflammation
injured tissues are returned to almost original structure and function
regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue
replacement
continually dividing. Epithelial tissue and bone marrow cells
labile cells
normally stop dividing when growth ceases, but can regenerate if simulated. Liver, kidney, smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelial cells
stable cells
cannot regenerate- will be replaced with scar tissue. Nerve cells, skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells
fixed cells
grows in from healthy connective tissue at the edges of the wound. Red in colour, delicate, and easily broken down by microbes or stress. Contains blood vessels, fibroblasts, and collagen
granulation tissue
healing from clean incisions. Not much contraction or sealing required
healing by primary intention
healing from open wounds. Requires a lot of sealing, filling in and contraction.
healing by secondary intention
fibrous bands of tissue that attach to internal organs. Typically occurs with healing after surgery. Ay restrict normal movement
adhesions
excessive scar that extends beyond wound boundaries
keloid scar
excessive contraction of wound causes deformity, restricted movement
contracture
sutured wound in which the wound is pulled apart along the suture line
dehiscence
abnormal passageway between two structures that does not normally exist. Develop through disease or surgery
fistula
narrowing of passageway. Can arise through inflammatory processes, scar tissue
stritures
an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the individual
hypersensitivity
an inappropriate immune response to tissues normally present in the body
autoimmune response
an immune response to alternative forms of an antigen not found in recipient’s body
alloimmune response
IgE mediated reactions
type I hypersensitivity
antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity
type II hypersensitivity
immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
type III hypersensitivity
cell-mediated hypersensitivity
type IV hypersensitivity
the most severe systemic allergic reaction- generally type I mechanism. Triggered by substances that are injected or ingested
anaphylaxis
a state of immunological control whereby an individual does not make a detrimental immune response against their own cells and tissues
immunotolerance
occurs immediately, usually to pre-existing recipient antibody to the donor antigen
hyperacute rejection
occurs within days to months after the transplant- type IV reaction
acute rejection
occurs after months to years. Slow, progressive organ failure of the transplanted tissue/organ due to blood vessel damage and fibrosis- weak type IV hypersensitivity
chronic rejection
when the transplanted tissue contains components of the donor’s immune system that recognize the recipient’s tissue as foreign, and attack it
graft vs. host disease
the failure of the immune system to function normally, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections
immunodeficiency
an antigen involved in an allergic response
allergen
symptom of itching
pruritus
a localized pruritic skin disruption characterized by wheals and hives
urticaria
new growth = tumor
neoplasm
cells acquiring the characteristics of the tissue that they make up
cell differentiation
have lost ability to control proliferation, but growth is usually slow and may come to a stop, made of fairly well-differentiated cells and well organized stroma, do not invade beyond their capsule, no metastasis
benign tumor
more rapid growth rate. Loss of differentiation and tissue organization. Cells are pleomorphic
malignant tumour
from epithelial tissue
carcinoma
from mesenchymal tissue
sarcoma
loss of differentiation
anaplasia
spread far beyond the tissue of origin
metastasis
growth with malignant characteristics in epithelial tissue that has not (yet) invaded local tissue
carcinoma in situ
