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Zoology 250 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

etymology

A

study of word origin

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2
Q

taxonomy

A

the practice of classifying organisms

ie. naming and classifying organisms

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3
Q

systematics

A

theory of classifying organisms

ie. theory behind why we put organisms in their classification

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4
Q

nomenclature

A

system of rules for naming things

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5
Q

taxonomic ranks

A

drawers that jars (taxa) are placed in

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6
Q

taxon/taxa

A

groups that have been given names

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7
Q

extant

A

still alive

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8
Q

extinct

A

no longer have any living members

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9
Q

type

A

official exemplar of a new species

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10
Q

holotype

A

specimen of the new species placed in insect collection

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11
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

ancestor-descendant relationship portrayed in a tree like format

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12
Q

cladistics

A

system we use to place organisms in a phylogenetic tree

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13
Q

dichotomously branching pattern

A

when a branch splits into two

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14
Q

synapomorphies

A

shared derived features

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15
Q

ingroup

A

taxa whose relationship you want to untangle

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16
Q

outgroup

A

taxa known to have split off prior to diversification of the taxa of interest

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17
Q

nodes

A

points of species diversification

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18
Q

clade

A

group that contains descendants of a common ancestor

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19
Q

taxon

A

when a clade is named it is called a taxon

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20
Q

synapomorphies

A

derived traits present in more than one ingroup taxon

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21
Q

symplesiomorphies

A

shared ancestral traits

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22
Q

autapomorphies

A

derived traits present in only one taxon

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23
Q

homologous

A

character states that are present in more than on species and that arose once

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24
Q

homoplasious

A

states that are present in more than one species and arose independently more than once (convergent or parallel evolution)

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25
Q

reversals

A

type of homoplasy but there is a reversal from a derived to an ancestral state

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26
Q

convergence

A

when two or more lineages evolve independently toward a similar stare

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27
Q

divergence

A

two or more lineages evolve independently to become less similar

28
Q

radiations

A

multiple divergences from a common ancestor result in more than two descendant lineages

29
Q

parallel

A

two or more species of closely related taxa achieve similar evolution modifications

30
Q

homology

A

similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structure or genes in different taxa

31
Q

homoplasy

A

similarity in form or function between parts of different species or lineages that is not attributable to common ancestry but is the result especially of parallel or convergent evolution in similar environments

32
Q

parsimonious

A

simplest explanation is the most plausible explanation

33
Q

sister taxa

A

share a common ancestor

34
Q

consesus tree

A

a tree that combines many parsimonious trees with agreements as resolved dichotomous branches and disagreements as polytomies

35
Q

polytomies

A

branching into more than two, we do not know set of relationships

36
Q

monophyletic taxa

A

those that contain all descendants of a common ancestor and no other

37
Q

paraphyletic

A

taxa missing one or more descendants

38
Q

polyphyletic

A

taxa include species that do not share a most recent common ancestor

39
Q

unicellular

A

single celled (almost all protists)

40
Q

multicellular

A

more than one cell (all plants and animals except as zygotes)

5 criteria

  • is not viable as a single cell (except as a zygote)
  • cells are interdependent
  • cells are morphologically differentiated for different tasks
  • 2 or more cells work in coordinated fashion on common task
  • 2 or more layers of cells are present in the organisms body
41
Q

cilia (short beat stiffly) and flagella (long and beat is undulating)

A

cell organelles whose beating can move fluid through the body of an animal or ins some cases move an animal through fluid
-almost all animals have at least some ciliated or flagellated somatic cells (exception Arthropoda)

42
Q

symmetrical

A

split into relatively similar halves

43
Q

plane of symmetry

A

a symmetrical body has an axis down the middle called the plane of symmetry

44
Q

asymmetrical

A

lack any plane of symmetry

45
Q

spherical symmetry

A

completely spherical in shape and have infinite planes of symmetry (virtually no examples in nature only a few protists but they are not truly spherical)

46
Q

radial symmetry

A

body parts are arranged radially around a central oral-aboral axis common in polyps like a anemone

47
Q

biradical symmetry

A

occurs when there is an oral-aboral axis but differentiation means there is only two planes of symmetry like a jellyfish with two tentacle’s

48
Q

quadriradial symmetry

A

oral aboral axis but differentiation makes it have 4 planes of symmetry like box jellie

49
Q

pentaradial symmetry

A

oral aboral axis and in this case 5 planes of symmetry like a starfish

50
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

a single anterior posterior plane divides the body into two mirror images like a lobster

51
Q

mitotic binary fission

A

one cell duplicates into two (in protists but not metazoans)

52
Q

fragmentation

A

one body is split into many (sponges and many worms have this)

53
Q

budding

A

a individual grows a second self on themselves (can split off and become its own being or stay attached)

54
Q

isolecithal eggs

A

yolk particles distributed evenly through the cytoplasm

55
Q

telolecithal eggs

A

yolk concentrated toward one end of the egg

56
Q

centrolecithal

A

eggs have yolk concentrated at the center of the cell

57
Q

simultaneous hermaphroditism

A

organisms are both male and female at the same time

58
Q

sequential hermaphroditism

A

at separate times in the animals life they are female or male

59
Q

parthenogenesis

A

females can produce eggs that develop into offspring without being fertilized

  • unfertilized eggs= males
  • fertilized eggs= females
60
Q

cleavage

A

initial cell divisions

61
Q

holoblastic cleavage

A

complete seperation of the blastomeres and occurs in isolecithal and lightly telolecithal eggs

62
Q

meroblastic cleavage

A

incomplete seperation of blastomeres and occurs in strongly telolecithal eggs because cell membranes can’t penetrate the dense yolk

63
Q

radial cleavage

A

early cell divisions after the 4-cell stage stack new blastomeres directly above the previous ones

64
Q

spiral cleavage

A

the new row of blastomeres is twisted slightly off center

65
Q

blastula

A

after few cleavages have produced numerous cells but before formation of the germ layers embryo is called a blastula

66
Q

coeloblastula

A

holoblastic cleavage usually results in a hallow ball of cells a coeloblastula

67
Q

discoblastula

A

meroblastic cleavage results in a cap of cells lying on trop tf the yolk this is dicoblastula

Zoology 250 (3 decks)

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