Definition of Terms Flashcards
It is also known as Geomatics. It is defined as the science of gathering information about the physical earth.
Surveying
This type of survey relates to laws and land ownership. It includes establishment of real property boundaries
Cadastral Surveys
It is a type of survey often called as “stake-out”, “lay-out” or “setting-out” and is performed to establish reference points and markers that will guide the construction.
Construction Surveys
This type of survey includes mapping of bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, etc.
Hydrographic Surveys
It is a type of survey that requires high accuracy and precision. In includes alignment of machineries and optical tooling.
Industrial Surveys
A type of survey that includes the practice of measuring and mapping on-ground or underground points for the purpose of utilizing mineral deposits.
Mine Surveys
It is a type of survey that obtains reliable spatial information from photographic images (may it be aerial or terrestrial).
Photogrammetric Surveys
It is a type of survey that provides the data needed to determine horizontal and vertical alignment for the design of linear structures such as roads, railways, pipelines, etc.
Route Surveys
It is a type of survey used to map natural and/or man-made features on the ground as well as obtain elevations.
Topographic Surveys
This is one of the simplest method of measuring distances. It is used in instances where approximate results can be enough for the data needed.
Pacing
It is to determine whether a concrete has the specified compressive strength.
Compression Test
useful in determining the shearing strength resistance along recognizable weal planes within the soil material.
Direct Shear Test
Determines the asphalt content of liquid asphalt.
Distillation Test
measures the ability of the asphalt to stretch without breaking.
Ductility Test
To determine the amount of asphalt present in mix.
Extraction Test
measures the distance that standard needle will penetrate the sample at a given temperature in a specified time.
Penetration Test
Determines if asphalt is overheated during production.
Spot Test
Determines the presence of larger globules of asphalt in the emulsion.
Sleve Test
It measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets and to check its workability.
Slump Test
it rounds off the formed edge of the slab to prevents chipping or damage.
Edging
where free water in the concrete mix is pushed upward to the surface due to the settlement of heavier solid particles.
Bleeding
first step in finishing the concrete, the action of flattening poured concrete into a smooth or flat layer prior to finishing the surface.
Screeding
slab deflection under passing loads sometimes resulting in the discharge of water and sub-grade soils along joints, cracks, and pavement edges.
Pumping
the localized upward displacement of a pavement due to the swelling of the sub-grade or some portion of the pavement structure.
Upheaval
A form of plastic movement resulting to localized bulging of the pavement.
Shoving
channelized depressions that may develop in the wheel tracks of an asphalt pavement.
rutting
the *progressive separation of aggregate particles in a pavement from the surface downward of from the edges inward.
Raveling
localized upward buckling and shattering of the slabs at transverse joints or cracks.
Blowup
the breakdown or disintegration of slab edge at joints or cracks.
Joint/Crack Spalling
is the process of wearing away of surface due to friction.
Surface Abrasion
the difference in elevation between the joints due to settlement of pavements, erosion of material under the pavement, and change in temperature.
Faulting
the point on the sub-grade directly below the edge of the pavement from which the sub grade slopes downward to the point of slope selection.
Hinge point
This is the point at which the cut or fill slopes intersect the existing ground
Stake points
This is the point where the design side slope intersect with the ground.
The actual intersection position of the side slope with the existing ground surface
Catch point
This is the layer of soil prepared to support a pavement structure or pavement system. It is the foundation of the pavement structure
Sub-grade
This is the course in the asphalt pavement structure immediately below the base course.
If the subgrade soil has adequate support, it may serve as a _____
Sub-base
The lower or underlying pavement course atop the subbase or subgrade and under the top or wearing course
Base
The ability of an asphalt paving surface, particularly when wet, to offer resistance to slipping or skidding
Skid resistance
Any condition that might contribute to making a pavement slippery
Skid hazard
Interconnected cracks forming a series of small blocks that is usually caused by excessive deflection of the surface over unstable subgrade or lower courses of the pavement
Alligator Cracks
What causes alligator cracks
Excessive deflection of the surface over unstable subgrade or lower courses of the pavement
These are interconnected cracks forming a series of large blocks, usually with sharp corners or angles
Shrinkage cracks
These are vertical cracks in the pavement that follows a course approximately parallel to the center line
Longitudinal cracks
Cracks in the asphalt overly that reflect the crack pattern in the pavement structure below it
Reflection cracks
These are cracks (sometimes crescent shaped) that points in the direction of the thrust of the wheels on the pavement surface.
These cracks are usually caused by the lack of bond between two pavement layers
Slippage cracks
What causes slippage cracks
Lack of bond between two pavement layers
These are written instructions that provides the necessary details about the specific requirements
Specification
This is the term used to represent all drawings including sections and details; and any supplemental drawings for complete execution of a specific project
Plans
This refers to the calculations of costs prepared on the basis of a detailed analysis of materials and labor for all items or work, as contrasted with an estimate based on a current area, volume, or similar unit cost
estimates
This is the agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforced by law
Contract
This is a written document issued by appropriate governmental authority permitting construction to begin on a specific project in accordance with drawings and specification approved by the governmental authority
Building permit
This is the process where props or posts of timber or other material in compression is used for the temporary support of excavations, formwork, or unsafe structure
Shoring
Material encasing prestressing steel to prevent bonding of the prestressing steel with the surrounding concrete to provide corrosion protection and to contain the corrosion inhibiting coating
Sheeting
This is a system user in construction to protect workers and equipements. It icludes sheet pules, trench boxes, and othrr protective systems
Shielding
This is a structure used to provide all-around lateral support to an excavation. It may be either open or pneumatic
Piles
This is a pile in the form of a plank driven in close contact or interlocking with others to provice a tight wall to resist the lateral pressure of water, adjacent earth, or other materials
Sheet pile
This is a slender isolation foundation member of either plain or reinforced concrete that is cast on end in the ground
Pier
This is a place where vessels may discharge or receive cargo
Port
This is a structure built alongside the water or perpendicular to the shore where ships berth for loading anf discharging goods
Wharf
This is a part of a foundation, a watertight chamber used in construction underwater, or a hollow floating box used as a floodgate for a dock or basin
Caissons
It is consist of a heavy ram in between the leads in the lpile driving equipment
Drop hammer
This is the process of reducing the volume of voids in a material such as soil by input if mechanical energy
Compaction
This is a mixture of hydraulic cement, aggregates, and water, with or without admixtures, fubere, or other cementitious materials
Concrete
This is a dark brown or black, cementitious material, solid or semi-solid consistency whose main constituents is called bitumen
asphalt
What is the main constituent of asphalt
Bitumen
This is the active constituent of bituminous material that are soluble in Carbon disulfide
Bitumen
It is a type of soil that can be made plastic by adjusting water content. It exhibits considerable strength when airdried
Clay
This is a property of fresh concrete, fresh mortar, or fresh paste, indicative of the degree of its resistance to mocement or firmness
Consistency
This refers to the amount of moisture held in concrete and mostly expressed as a percentage
Moisture content
This refers to the decrease in either length or volume of a material resulting from changes in moisture content or chemical changes
Shrinkage
This is the material applied to
a surface by brushing, dipping, mopping, spraying, troweling etc. to Preserve, protect, decorate, seal or smooth the substrate.
Coating
The application of a low viscosity asphalt to a prepared subgrade base or base rock.
Prime coat
This is the additional coating in to surfaces.
Overcoat
What happens when you overcoat an unprepared surface?
It causes cracking
This is an additional layer of coating into pavement or base course to provide protection from damage.
Seal coat
A single initial application of bituminous material to an existing bituminous, Portland cement or block surface or base.
Tact coat or Tack coat
It is the most important process to prepare the concrete. Proportioning of aggregates, cement, and water prior to mixing.
Batching
This is the process of mixing the materials such as aggregate, admixtures and water to form concrete.
Mixing
This term refers to the process of laying a pavement.
Paving
The development of the mechanical properties of the asphalt binder. This occurs after the emulsion has broken and the emulsion particle coalesce and bond to the aggregate.
Curing
This refers to the local flaking or peeling away of the near surface portion of the hardened concrete or mortar.
Scaling
The creation and maintaining of a shallow pond of water on the surface of a concrete slab to assist curing.
Ponding
It is the process of wearing away material from the coastal Profile due to imbalance in the supply and export of material from a certain section.
Coastal erosion
A wave abovre a water depth greater than half of its wavelength.
Deep water wave
This is a wave whose velocity of propagation is controlled primarily by gravity.
Gravity waves
Water waves more than ___ centimeters long are considered gravity waves.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 3
d. 8
5
This is a wave in water with a depth less than 1/20 of a wavelength.
Shallow wave
The mean height of the largest 1/3 of the waves in a wave spectrum.
Significant wave height
This is the mean of all individual waves in an observation interval of approximately half an hour.
Mean wave height
that part of an incident wave that is returned seaward when a wave impinges on a steep beach, barrier, or other reflecting surface.
Reflected wave
The time for a wave crest to traverse a distance equal to one wavelength.
Wave period
This is the time for 2 successive wave crest to pass a fixed point.
Wave period
This is a tide that occurs at or near the time of new or full moon, and which rises highest and falls lowest from the mean sea level.
Spring tide
The period of tide between low water and the succeeding high water.
Flood tide
These are wave conditions directly attributable to recent winds, as opposed to swell.
Wind sea
These are waves caused by wind at the place and time of observation.
Sea
True or false.
Seas refer to waves that are actively growing.
true
This refers to the passing of water over the top of a structure as a result of a wave run-up or surge action.
Overtopping
A rise above normal water level on the open coast due to the action of wind stress on the water surface.
Storm surge
It refers to the mechanical removal of consolidated soil or unconsolidated material (such as aggregates like sand, gravels, and shell) from the seabed, beach, or dunes.
Mining
This term refers to the degree of exposure or chances of exposure to hazards.
Risk
This term refers to anything that may likely cause personal injury or damage to property or their combination.
Hazard
This is a human activity resulting in accident injury, property loss, or harm to the environment.
Unsafe act
This is seen as a physical or chemical property in the material that can cause accidents.
Unsafe condition
This term refers to the physical or environmental conditions of work or employment, which substantially comply with the provision of these standards.
Safety
fitting the job to the worker and to prevent workplace injury.
Ergonomics
This refers to any physical material or equipment that is placed between the employee and workplace hazards to reduce the injury potential of the hazard.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
It connote a sound of state of the body and mind of the worker, which enables him to perform his job normally, in a state of well-being.
Health
Shall mean an unplanned or unexpected occurrence that may or may not result in person or injury, property damage, work stoppage or interference, or any combination thereof, which arises out of and in the course of employment.
Work accident
This term shall mean any injury or occupational illness suffered by a person, which arises out of or in the course of his employment.
Work injury
It is a probability of a mechanism that will function satisfactorily. If the mechanism is to operate infirmitently and briefly, it is also referring to performance on a given occasion.
If the mechanism is to operate continuously, it refers its performance for a specific period of time.
Reliability
This is the root mean square of the deviation about the arithmetic mean of a set of values
Standard deviation
It is a sum of scores divided by the number of cases popularly known as the average.
Mean
It is the middle number of a set of numbers arranged in a numerical order.
Median
It is the value which occurs the most frequent in a given distribution
Mode
There’s a source of error in taping when a tape may differ in actual length from its nominal graduated length because of a defect in manufacture or repair, or a result of kinks.
Instrumental error
A taping error due to effects of temperature, pull and weight of the tape itself.
Natural error
A taping error due to setting of pins, reading the tape, or manipulating the equipment.
Personal error
It is defined as the number of vehicles passing a point on highway or a given a lane or direction of a highway in a specific time.
Volume
These are generally expressed in units of “veh/hr” but represents flow that exists for a period of time less than an hour.
Rate of Flow
This is the average speed of all vehicles passing a point over a specific time period
Time mean speed
Average speed of all vehicles occupying a given section of roadway over a specific time period
Space mean speed
This refers to the number of vehicles occupying a road lane per unit lengt at a given instant in time and is usually measured in vehicle per mile or per kilometer.
Density
This refers to the maximum sustained 15-min floor rate, expressed in passenger cars per hour per lane, that can be accommodated by uniform freeway segment under prevailing traffic and roadway conditions in one direction of flow.
Capacity
A survey method in which the directions of survey lines are determined by means of a compass.
Compass Surveying
An instrument for determining the horizontal direction of a line with reference to the direction of a magnetic needle
Surveyor’s Compass
The angle that the magnetic meridian makes with the true meridian
Magnetic Declination
The vertical angle which the magnetic needle makes with the horizontal due to uneven magnetic attraction from the magnetic poles.
Magnetic Dip
Imaginary lines passing through places having the same magnetic declination.
Isogonic Lines
Imaginary lines passing through places having the same magnetic dip.
Isoclinic Lines
Imaginary lines passing through places having zero declination.
Agonic Lines
A sphere of infinite radius with the earth at the center. This is where the sun and other celestial bodies are assumed to lie on
Celestial Sphere
The point on the celestial sphere vertically above the observer.
Zenith
The point on the celestial sphere exactly opposite the zenith.
Nadir
The point where the earth’s rotational axis, extended from the north pole, intersects the celestial sphere.
North Celestial Pole
The point exactly opposite the north celestial pole.
South Celestial Pole
Any great circle on the celestial sphere which passes through the zenith and nadir.
Vertical Circle
A great circle on the celestial sphere whose plane is perpendicular to any vertical circle.
Horizontal Circle
Any great circle on the celestial sphere which passes through the north and south celestial poles
Hour Circle
The great circle on the celestial sphere whose plane is perpendicular to the hour circle
Celestial Equator
The angular distance between the body and the equator
Declination
The complement of declination
Polar Distance / Co-Declination
The angular distance from the observers horizon to the celestial body.
Altitude
The complement of altitude
Zenith Distance / Co-Altitude
The angular distance from the equator to the observers position
Latitude
The complement of Latitude
Co-Latitude
Also known as the PZS-Triangle. A spherical triangle on the surface of the celestial sphere with the north Celestial pole, Zenith, and the observed heavenly body (oftentimes the sun) as the vertices.
Astronomical Triangle
It is derived from the latin ‘aequus noctis’ which means “equal nights”
Equinox
This marks when the Northern Hemisphere starts to tilt towards the sun, which means longer, sunnier days.
March Equinox / Vernal Equinox
For the Southern Hemisphere, this marks the autumnal Equinox
This marks the first day of fall (autumn) for the Northern Hemisphere
September Equinox / Autumnal Equinox
For the Southern Hemisphere, this marks the Vernal Equinox
How time zones are there?
How wide does each time zone cover?
24 time zones, covers 15deg each
360deg of longitude = ____hours
15deg of longitude = ____ hours
1deg of longitude = ____minutes
24 hours
1 hour
4 minutes
The meridian of 0 longitude which passes through Greenwich, UK
Prime Meridian
The middle of each zone is called…
Central Meridian
It is the procedure used in the measurement of depth of points within a body of water.
Sounding
An instrument used for measuring angles between coastal features for locating the position of a boat relative to the shore.
Sextant
This is the first successful microwave electronic distance measurement device.
Tellurometer
