Definition

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease in a specified population, and application of this study to control health problems.

Question 2

Exposure

Answer 2

factors associated with disease outcome

Question 3

Outcome

Answer 3

condition that occurs following exposure

Question 4

Descriptive epi

Answer 4

characterizing patterns in the distribution of population characteristics and disease according to person, place, time

Question 5

Analytic Epi

Answer 5

focus on establishing cause and effect relationships between exposures and diseases

Question 6

Primary prevention

Answer 6

reducing disease occurrence by minimizing exposure to risk factors

Question 7

Secondary prevention

Answer 7

reduce number of people with the disease at any point in time by shortening the duration and/or severity of the disease

Question 8

Prevalence

Answer 8

Proportion of individuals within a specified population that have existing disease at a specified time (%)

Question 9

Incidence

Answer 9

Number of new cases occurring within a defined population at risk during a specific time interval. Incidence proportion (per 1,000 pop at risk), incidence rate (per 1,000 person-year at risk)

Question 10

risk

Answer 10

the probability of an event occurring

Question 11

When is OR a good estimate of RR

Answer 11

1. disease frequency is low
2. case exposure is representative of population cases derive from
3. control ….
4. person-time experience in control is similar to corresponding case

Question 12

attributable risk

Answer 12

the number of disease cases attributed to exposure among those exposed.
e.g smoking accounts for 25.8 cases of CHD per 1,000 pop among smokers in the defined pop assuming causal relationship.

Question 13

Chance

Answer 13

a random observation

Question 14

Hypothesis Testing

Answer 14

Conducting a statistical test to make a decision on the compatibility between an observation and the null

Question 15

Alpha

Answer 15

probability of INCORRECTLY rejecting a true null

Question 16

Beta

Answer 16

probability of failure to reject a fall null

Question 17

P value

Answer 17

probability observation is due to chance, at alpha

Question 18

statistical power

Answer 18

probability of correctly rejecting a false Ho

Question 19

Confidence Interval

Answer 19

a range of values that, at a given certainty (1-a), contain the true population parameter, assuming unbiased measures. (if CI includes null, then not statistically significant at alpha)

Question 20

matching

Answer 20

process of selecting controls so that they are similar to cases on specific characteristics.
include individual and frequency matching

Question 21

prognosis

Answer 21

how an individual is expected to progress after disease onset or intervention

Question 22

primary prevention trail

Answer 22

examine whether an intervention reduces the risk of first disease occurrence.

Question 23

secondary prevention trail

Answer 23

examine whether an intervention reduces symptoms, risk of recurrence or death in those with existing disease.

Question 24

efficacy trail

Answer 24

the extent to which an intervention produces benefit under ideal circumstances

Question 25

effectiveness trail

Answer 25

the extent to which an intervention produces benefit for reasonable percentage of participants in a more pragmatic setting.``

Question 26

number needed to treat

Answer 26

NNT = 1/(placebo rate - intervention rate)

Question 27

T/F: randomization affect statistical power

Answer 27

false. but it maximize comparability of intervention and control. balance distribution of extraneous factors.