Definition Flashcards
Leaderships
Guidance of others in their pursuits, often,by organizing, directing, coordinating, supporting and motivating the effort of others.
Fundamentals attribution error (FAE)
They blame the personalities of the individuals rather than the powerful group process at work that forced them to obey-even though a closer more informed analysis of the situation would reveal the power pressures the members faced.
Transformational a Leadership
Motivates followers Engenders confidence Generates high level of satisfaction Unites members to pursue shared goals Makes goals challenging Inspires change in beliefs, values, needs and attitudes.
Additive task
When all group members perform the same job and group performance in a sum of individual performance. Examples- relay race .
Group
Disagreements, discord and friction that occurs when the actions or beliefs of one or more members of the group are unacceptable to and resisted by one or more of the other group members.
Competition
Success that is dependent on performing better than others.
Compensatory Task
Judgement of individuals are pooled;errors by some can be corrected by others.
The group average is the group product-again everybody has something to contribute.
Conjunctive
Group tasks which require every group member to complete the task.
The achievement of the group is defined by its least able member.
Discretionary task
Group tasks in which groups can combine individual contributions as it chooses
Disjunctive Task
Task which require the group to select a single correct answer.
The achievement of the group is defined by its most able member.
Divisible Task
Can be divided into subtasks and individual members can be assigned specific subtasks to be completed in contribution to the greater task.
Example: a group of students assigned a test to complete together as a group, can divide the questions among the individual students to be completed bases on specific areas of expertise.
Unitary Task
Tasks cannot be divided into subtasks which require the group to either work together on the one task or have only one individual complete the task with the remainder of the group becoming bystanders.
Compliance
A change in opinion, judgement, or action to match the opinions,judgement, or actions of other group members or the group’s normative standards.
Head-of-the-table effect
The social meaning associated with sitting at the head of the table. Sommer suggest that in many groups, the chair at the end of the table is the most salient position.
Intellective Tasks:
Correct answer task
Judgements Tasks
Judge mental tasks are evaluative, behavioral, or aesthetic judgements for which no generally accepted demonstrably correct answer exists.
Ringlemann Effect
The Ringlemann effect is the tendency for the individual members of a group to become increasingly less productive as the size of their group increases.
Social Compensation
Refers to the phenomenon that individuals increase their effort on a collective task ( compared with how hard they try when working individually) to compensate for the anticipated poor performance of other group members.
Social Facilitation
Or the audience effect, is the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone. Compared to their performance when alone, when in the presence of others, they tend to perform better on simple or well rehearsed tasks and worse on complex or new ones.
Social Loafing
Refers to the concept that people are prone to exert less effort on a task if they are n a group versus when they work alone. The idea of working in groups is typically seen as a way to improve the accomplishment of a by pooling the skills and talents of the individuals in that group.
Procedural Justice
Is the idea of fairness in the process that resolve disputes and allocates resources. One aspect of procedural justice is related to the discussion of the administration of justice and legal proceedings.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories.
Shared information Bias
This is know as the tendency for group members to spend more time and energy discussing information that all members are already familiar with, and less energy discussing information that some members are aware of.
Sunk Cost Bias
It may also be used as shorthand for an error in analysis due to the sunk cost fallacy, irrational decision-making or, most simply, as irrelevant data. Economists argue that sunk costs are taken into account when making rational decisions.
Transactive Memory System
This a mechanism through which groups collectively encode,store,and retrieve knowledge.
Cross Categorization
Describes intergroup contexts defined by not one but two dimensions of social categorization.
Stereotype
A widely held fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
Ambience
The Character and atmosphere of a place.
Social fugal Spaces
Tends to keep people apart and suppress communication while sociopetal space( radial) does just the opposite. It brings people together and stimulates interaction as routes merge and overlap.
Sociopetal Spaces
Arranged so that each can see and interact with the other.
Prisoners Dilemma Game
The Prisoner’s Dilemma is a canonical example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interest to do so.
