Definition Flashcards
1
Q
musculoskeletal system
A
Means pertaining to the muscles and the skeleton
All of the bones, joints, muscles, and related structures that function in the movement of body parts and organs make up the musculoskeletal system.
2
Q
musculoskeletal disorders
A
Cells of the musculoskeletal system are derived from stem cells that mature, and then begin to function, is bone cells, muscle cells, and so on.
3
Q
bone marrow
A
Is the soft tissue that fills the cavities of the bones.
4
Q
Red bone marrow
A
Functions in the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
5
Q
bones store
A
And release minerals, especially calcium in our essential parts of mineral balance in the body.
6
Q
fat
A
Is stored in the yellow bone marrow.
7
Q
Two types of bone marrow
A
Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
8
Q
intracellular substance of a bone
A
Contains an abundance of mineral salts, primarily calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate, which gives bone its unique hardness
9
Q
endocrine system
A
Controls the release of calcium from the bone when the level of calcium in the blood is decreased.
most of the calcium in our bodies is stored in the skeleton.
10
Q
chief characteristic of bone
A
Is its rigid nature, but it’s important to remember that bone contains living cells and is richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. Like other body tissues, bone requires oxygen and nutrients and produces waste, the end products of metabolism.
11
Q
Bones may be classified
A
As long, short, flat, or irregular.
Examples of
Long bones: in the arms, leg, and thigh
Short bones: in the wrist
Flat bones: most of the bones of the skull
irregular bones: bones of the spine
12
Q
Compact bone 
A
Hard, dense bony tissue (major feature of a long bone)
13
Q
os
( plural, ossa)
A
Is used to write the formal names of bones
14
Q
diaphysis
A
The long shaft of the long bone. This long shaft is thick, compact bone, that surrounds yellow, bone marrow in adults.
15
Q
Epiphysis
A
The ends of a long bone
The long shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis, and the expanded portions at the ends are called…….
An expanded portion of each end of the diaphysis. The epiphysis is spongy bone that is covered by a thin layer of compact bone. The two ends are covered by articular cartilage to provide smooth surfaces for movement of the joints. Except in the areas where there is articular cartilage, the bone is covered with a tough membrane called periosteum.
16
Q
peri/ost/eum
periosteum
A
around/bone/membrane
Most of the bone is covered with a tough membrane………….
17
Q
Four types of bone tissue in the typical long bone
A
Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers the bone
Compact bone: lies just beneath the periosteum and has a system of small canals (haversian canals) that run parallel to the bones long axis and contain blood vessels; canals are surrounded by concentric rings characteristic of the mature bone.
Spongy bone (Cancellous): lighter than compact bone and contains large spongy mesh works called trabecular: found largely in the epiphyses (plural form of epiphysis) and inner portions of long bones and is filled with red and yellow marrow
Yellow marrow: Found in the medullary cavity
18
Q
haversia canals
A
they run parallel to the bone’s long axis and contain blood vessels; canals are surrounded by concentric rings characteristic of mature bone
19
Q
trabeculae
A
large spongy mesh works, found largely in epiphyses (plural epiphysis) and inner portions of long bones and is filled with red and yellow marrow
20
Q
medullary cavity
A
21
Q
Calcium in bone
A
Is radiopaque; thus bones can obstruct x-rays so that they do not reach image receptors
22
Q
calci/fication
calcification
A
is the process by which organic tissue becomes harden by deposit of calcium in tissue?
Normally calcium is deposited in bone in large amounts to give bone its hardness. Calcification in the soft tissue is abnormal.
23
Q
myelo/blast
myeloblast
A
bone marrow/embryonic form
Embryonic, bone marrow cell, which mature into myelocytes
24
Q
myelo/cyte
myelocyte
A
Is a cell found in the bone marrow
bone marrow/cell
Which mature into leukocytes normally found in blood
25
osteo/blast
osteoblast
bone/embryonic form
Is an embryonic form of a bone cell
an embryonic or early form of a bone cell that develops into a mature bone cell
26
osteo/cyte
osteocyte
bone/cell
mature bone cells that become embedded in the calcified intracellular substance of bone
27
osteo/genesis
osteogenesis
is also called
ossification
bone/producing or forming
Formation of bones substance; same as ossification. Human embryos contain no bone but do contain cartilage, which is a more flexible tissue that is shaped like bone; ossification begins at the start of the fetal period (after the eighth week)
28
ossi/fication
ossification
Formation of bone substance
Is the development of bone
human embryos contain no bone but do contain cartilage, which is a more flexible tissue that is shaped like bone; ossification begins at the start of the fetal period after the eighth week
29
Skeletal
Means pertaining to the skeleton. The human skeleton is the bony framework of the body..
30
skeletal system
Consists of the bones and the cartilages, ligaments, and tendons that are associated with the bones
Bones and muscles work together, to enable us to bend our arms and legs, turn our heads, and perform other voluntary movements
31
Adult human skeleton
usually consist of 206 named bones
32
axial skeleton
The division of the skeleton that forms the vertical axis of the body.
The skull, spinal column, sternum, and ribs make up the axial skeleton.
33
Appendicular skeleton
126 bones
designed for movement
The free appendages and their attachments are called
Includes the bones of the limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton
many of these bones are small and are found in the hands and feet, but several of the remaining bones in this part of the skeleton are the longest bones in the body.
34
Cranium
Serves as protection for the brain informs the framework of the face. The common name for the cranium is skull
The portion of the skull that encloses the brain is composed of eight cranial bones (parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid)
35
auditory ossicles
The skull is composed of three types of bones: cranial bones; facial bones; and the sixth auditory ossicles,
Three tiny bones in each middle ear cavity
36
foramen magnum
The opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes. The literal translation from Latin means large hole.
37
External auditory meatus meet us
Is the external opening of the ear
38
cranial bones
parietal (2) occipital (1)
temporal (2) ethmoid (1)
frontal (1) sphenoid (1)
39
Facial bones
maxilla (2) palatine (2)
zygomatic (2) inferior nasal concha (2)
mandible (1) lacrimal (2)
nasal (2) vomer (1)
40
Auditory ossicles
malleus (2)
incus (2)
staples (2)
41
Cranial
Means pertaining to the skull
42
Fontaneles (soft spots)
which are spaces covered by tough membranes between the soft bones of the skull. These accommodate passage to the birth canal, and allow for growth of the brain.
43
adult skull
Is made up of hard bones that serve as protection; however, newborns have soft spots, called fontanels
44
Vertebral column (spinal column)
(is attached at the base of the skull)
is commonly called the backbone or the spine, and it extends from the base of the skull to the pelvis. It encloses and protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and serves as a place of attachment for the ribs and muscles of the back.
45
spin/al
spinal
spine/pertaining to
means pertaining to the spine
46
Vertebrae plural
vertebra singular
The vertebral column is composed of 26 vertebrae.
47
inter/vertebral
intervertebral
Means between two adjoining vertebra
Means between two adjoining spinal bones
48
Intervertebral disks
Cushions of cartilage between two adjoining vertebrae.
these layers of cartilage absorb shock
49
Costa (singular)
costae (plural)
means rib
50
inter/costal
between/ribs
muscles lie between the ribs and draw adjacent ribs together to increase the volume of the thorax in breathing
51
sternum
The common name is the breastbone. The sternum is one of the bones that make up the thoracic cage, which protects the heart, lungs, and great vessels and also plays a role in breathing.
52
Thoracic Thor Actiq
means pertaining to the thorax (chest)
53
Cervical vertebrae C1-7
There are seven vertebrae in the neck region
54
thoracic vertebrae T1-12
There are 12 thoracic vertebrae behind the chest cavity.
55
lumbar vertebrae L1-5
Lower back
There are five lumbar vertebrae, supporting the lower back
56
Sacral vertebrae S1-5
There are five sacral vertebrae fused into one bone, called the sacrum
57
Coccygeal vertebrae
There are four coccygeal vertebrae fused into one bone called the coccyx
58
vertebrae location from above downward
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral (fused into the sacrum), coccygeal (fused into the coccyx) .
59
Thorax
The bones of the front part of the thorax:
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
the breastbone and the ribs are part of the axial skeleton:
60
thoracic cage
The ribs exist in pairs, 12 on each side of the chest, and are numbered from 1 to 12, beginning with the top rib. The upper seven pairs are joined directly with the sternum by a narrow strip of cartilage and are called “true ribs.” the remaining five pairs are referred to as “false ribs,” because they do not attached directly to the sternum. The last two pairs of false ribs, the “floating ribs,” are attached only on the posterior aspect.
61
Xiphoid process
The smallest and lowermost part of the sternum, which is often used as a point of reference when examining the chest.
composed of cartilage that is usually ossified in adults. The word xiphoid means shaped like a sword; however, the human xiphoid process varies in shape.
62
cost/al
costal
rib/pertaining to
pertaining to the ribs
63
infra/cost/al
infracostal
same as
sub/cost/al
subcostal
Beneath/under a Rib
beneath/rib/pertaining to
situated beneath a rib, or all the ribs
64
infra/stern/al
infrasternal Same as substernal
beneath/breastbone/pertaining to
beneath the sternum
Pertaining to beneath the breast bone
65
intra/stern/al
intrasternal
within/breastbone/pertaining to
within the sternum
66
retro/stern/al
retrosternal
behind/breastbone/pertaining to
situated or occurring behind the sternum
67
stern/al
sternal
Breastbone/pertaining to
pertaining to the sternum
68
sterno/cost/al
sternocostal
breastbone/rib/pertaining to
Pertaining to the sternum and the ribs
69
supra/cost/al
supracostal
above/rib/pertaining to
situated above or upon a Rib
pertaining to above a Rib
70
supra/stern/al
suprasternal
above/breastbone/pertaining to
Situated above the sternum
71
thoraco/lumb/ar
thoracolumbar
thorax/lumbar/pertaining to
Pertaining to the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Pertaining to the chest in the lower back
72
vertebro/cost/al
vertebrocostal. Same as costovertebral
vertebra/rib/pertaining to pertaining to a vertebra and a rib
73
vertebro/stern/al
vertebrosternal same as sternovertebral
vertebra/breastbone/pertaining to
pertaining to vertebrae and the sternum
74
Shoulder girdle
Includes the clavicle and scapula
75
pelvic girdle
Includes the bones of the pelvis
ilium
pubis
ischium
Consists of two hip bones. Each of these bones consist of three separate bones in the newborn, but eventually the three fused to form one bone. (the pelvic bone)
ilium is the largest of the three bones. ischium is the posterior part of the pelvic girdle
pubis is the anterior part of the pelvic girdle
76
Bones of the lower extremities
calcaneus (heel bone)
femur (thigh bone)
fibula (calf bone)
metatarsals (bones of the feet)
patella (kneecap)
phalanx phalanges (toe)
tarsus (ankle)
tibia (shin bone)
77
Bones of the upper extremities
carpus (wrist)
humerus (upper arm bone)
metacarpals (bones of the hands)
phalanx phalanges (finger fingers)
radius (bone of the forearm
ulna (bone of the forearm)
78
The shoulder is the junction
of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus (where the arm attaches to the trunk of the body) (
79
Clavicle
Is also known as the collarbone
The clavicle’s are long, curved horizontal bones, that attached to the sternum and either the left or right scapula
80
scapula
Is a large triangular bone that is commonly called a shoulder blade. Each scapula is joint to the humerus.
81
Humerus
each scapula is joined to the humerus, the upper arm, bone, by muscles and tendons.
82
costo/clavicul/ar
costoclavicular
rib/clavicle/pertaining to
did you get it pertaining to or involving the ribs and the clavicle
83
humer/al
humeral
upper arm bone/pertaining to
pertaining to the humerus
84
humero/radi/al
humeroradial
humerus/radius/pertaining to
Pertaining to the humerus and the radius
85
humero/scapul/ar
humeroscapular
humerus/scapula/pertaining to
Pertaining to the humerus, and the scapula
86
humero/uln/ar
humeroulnar
humerus/ulna/pertaining to
Pertaining to the humerus in the ulna
87
infra/clavicul/ar
infraclavicular
Refers to beneath/under the collar bone
under/clavicle/pertaining to
Below the clavicle
88
infra/scapul/ar
infrascapular
under/scapula/pertaining to
Below the scapula
89
inter/scapul/ar
interscapular
between/scapula/pertaining to
Between the two shoulder blades
90
scapul/ar
scapular
scapula/pertaining to
pertaining to the scapula
91
scapulo/clavicul/ar
scapuloclavicular
scapula/clavicle/pertaining to
Pertaining to the scapula and the clavicle
92
sterno/clavicul/ar
sternoclavicular
breastbone/clavicle/pertaining to
Pertaining to the sternum and clavicle
93
ulno/radi/al
ulnoradial
ulna/radius/pertaining to
pertaining to the ulna and the radius
94
ulna
radius
Are bones of the forearm
95
carpals same as carp/al bones
Bones of the wrist (eight small bones)
96
Bones of the hand
Metacarpals and phalanges, which are bones of the fingers
97
metacarpals
Bones that connect the response to the phalanges
Connect the wristbones (carpals) to the phalanges. The metacarpals lie next to the carpals.
The five metacarpals constitute the palm. the proximal ends of the metacarpals join with the distal role of the carpal bones
The distal ends of the metacarpals join with the phalanges.
98
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP)
Pertains to the metacarpals and phalanges of the fingers.
99
phalanges
Are bones of the fingers, as well as bones of the toes
100
carpophalangeal
Pertains to the corpus, and the phalanges. (fingers in this case)
101
Each finger (except the thumb has 2)
has three phalanges in each finger Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
102
sesamoid bone
it’s a small, round bone imbedded in the tendon that provides added strength for the thumb
103
Wrist
8 small carpal bones make up the wrist
104
Palm of the hand
Contains five metacarpal bones, which are numbered 1 to 5, starting at the thumb side
105
Female pelvis
The size and shape vary in our important in childbirth. The female pelvis is generally less massive, but wider and more circular than the male pelvis.
106
Pubic symphysis
Is the interpubic joint where the two pubic bones are joined
107
pubes
The hairs growing over the pubic region
Is also used to denote the “pubic region.”
108
ilio/pub/ic
iliopubic
ilium/pubis/pertaining to
pertaining to the ilium and the pubis
109
ischio/coccyg/eal
ischiococcygeal
ischium/coccyx/pertaining to
pertaining to the ischium and the coccyx
110
ischio/pub/ic
ischiopubic
ischium/pubis/pertaining to
pertaining to the ischium and the pubis
111
sub/pub/ic
subpubic
below/pubis/pertaining to
pertaining to a location beneath the pubis
t
112
supra/pub/ic
suprapubic
above/pubis/pertaining to
pertaining to above the pubis
113
Two bones of the forearm
Radius
Ulna
114
Lower extremities, 60 bones
in the thigh, leg, foot, and the kneecap (or patella)
115
femur (thigh bone)
Is the longest and heaviest bone in the body?
116
Lower extremity
Consists of the bones of the thigh, leg foot, and patella
117
calcane/al
calcaneal
calcaneus/ pertaining to
pertains to the calcaneus
118
calcaneo/planter
calcaneoplanter
calcaneus/sole/pertains to the
Pertains to the calcaneus and the sole
119
plantar
Is a word that means concerning the sole
120
Metatarsals (in the foot)
The bones between the Tarsis and the toes.
The distal end of the metatarsals joins with the toes.
121
Great toe
There are two bones in the great toe and three in each of the lesser toes
122
carpo/ped/al
Carpopedal
wrist/foot/pertains to
Pertains to the corpus (wrist) and the foot.
123
Carpopedal spasm
Is involuntary contraction of the muscles of the hands and feet
124
scapulo/clavicul/ar
acapuloclavicular
shoulder blade/collarbone/pertaining
pertaining to the shoulder blade and the collarbone
125
carpo/phalang/eal
carpophalabgeal
wrist/fingers/pertaining to
Pertaining to the wrist and fingers
126
ischio/pub/ic
isxhiopubic
ischium/pubis/pertaining to
pertaining to the Ischium and the pubis
127
ilio/femor/al
iliofemoral
ilium/thigh bone/pertaining to
pertaining to the ilium, and the thighbone 
128
sterno/clavicul/ar
sternoclavicular
sternum/clavicle/pertaining to
Pertaining to the sternum and the clavicle
129
calcaneo/fibula/ar
calcaneofibular
calcaneus/fibula/pertaining to
130
calcaneo/tibi/al
calcaneotibial
calcaneus/tibia/pertaining to
pertaining to the calcaneus and the tibia (shin bone)
131
ilio/femor/al
iliofemoral
ilium/femur/pertaining to
pertaining to the ilium the femur
132
infra/patell/ar
infrapatellar
beneath/patella/pertaining to
Pertaining to below the patella
133
ischio/femor/al
Ischiofemoral
ischium/femur/pertaining to
Pertaining to the ischium in the femur
134
patello/femor/al
patellofemoral
patella/femur/pertaining to
Pertaining to the patella, and the femur
135
pubo/femor/al
pubofemoral
pubis/femur/pertaining to
Pertaining to the pubis in the femur
136
Connective tissues
Tissues that supports and binds other body tissue and parts
Are characterized by an abundance of intercellular material and relatively few cells, support and bind other body tissues and parts.
Bone (the most rigid), cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are all connective tissues because they support and bind other tissues
137
Joints or articulation
example the ankle, wrist, and knee
Is a place of union between two or more bones.
Joints are classified according to their structure and the amount of movement they allow. Types of joints and examples are immovable (sutures in the skull), slightly movable (joints that connect the ribs to the sternum), and freely movable (knee, shoulder, elbow).
138
articul/ar
articular
joint/pertaining to
Means pertaining to a joint
139
nonarticular
Means not related to or involving the joints
140
Synovial joints
Most joints in the adult body or freely movable joints, which are also called…..
Freely, movable joints are filled with fluid for lubrication
141
tibio/femor/al
tibiofemoral
The knee, the tibiofemoral joint, is an example of the synovial joint.
It is the body’s largest joint.
142
metatarsophalangeal joints
Connect the toes with the metatarsals
143
articular cartilage
provides protection and support for the joints.
Some joints also have pads and cushions that help stabilize the joint and act as shock absorbers.
Covers the ends of the opposing bones in a synovial joint, and they are separated by a space called the joint cavity that is filled with synovial fluid for lubrication.
144
synovial fluid
There’s also called Sanovia
145
bursae
Are special structures that act as protective questions.
Are fluid filled sacs that help reduce friction in a joint. Bursa are commonly located between the skin and the underlying bone or between tendons and ligaments.
146
Knee joint
is a complex hinged joint that connects the femur with the tibia. Its joint permits flexion, extension, and rotation. It’s a common place for dislocation and sprains.
12 Ligaments, flexible bands of fibrous tissue, bind the structures of the need to provide strength.
147
embryos
Contain a great deal of translucent, elastic tissue, that, for the most part, is transformed into bone as the embryo matures.
148
Cartilage
Is elastic tissue.
Not all cartilage becomes bone, as evidenced by cartilage found in several parts of the adult body, such as the nose and the ear.
149
chondr/al
chondral
cartilage/pertaining to
means pertaining to cartilage
150
chondr/oid
chondroid
cartilage/resembling
Means resembling cartilage
151
chondro/cost/al
chondrocostal
cartilage/ribs/pertaining to
Means pertaining to the ribs and their associated cartilage.
152
vertebro/chondr/al
vertebrochondral
vertebra/cartilage/pertaining to
means pertaining to a vertebra and the adjacent cartilage
153
menisci
are special structures that act as protective cushions
154
Perichondrium
Is the membrane around the surface of cartilage
155
Perichondrial perichondrium
Means pertaining to, or composed of perichondrium.
156
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Is the dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint
Is one of a pair of joints connecting the mandible of the jaw to the temporal bone of the skull
157
tendons
Fibrous tissue that attaches the muscles to the bones
are bands of strong, fibrous tissue that attach muscles to bones.
158
Ligaments
Connect bones or cartilage and serve to support and strengthen joints
connective tissue that connects bones or cartilages and supports and strengthens joints is
159
Yeah,
160
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
most common knee injury
161
Patella
kneecap
Is anterior to the knee joint
162
Lower leg
is composed of two bones, the tibia and the fibula
The tibia or shin bone is the larger of the two bones.
163
fibul/ar
fibular
fibula/pertaining to
pertaining to the fibula
164
Foot
Is composed of the ankle, instep, and toes.
165
ankle or tarsus
consist of a group of seven short bones that resemble the bones of the wrist but larger
The ankle is composed of seven tarsal bones called the tarsals
166
tars/al
tarsal
Tarsus/pertaining to
pertaining to the tarsus
167
calcaneus or heel bone
Refers to the heel bone
One of the tarsal bones
168
Metatarsals
bones of the feet
169
phalanges
bones of the toes or fingers
170
myo/blast
myoblast
Is an embryonic cell that will become a cell of the muscle fiber
171
muscle
Is a type of tissue that is composed of fibers are cells that are able to contract, causing movement of the body parts or organs.
172
skeletal muscle contracts
Before a skeletal muscle contracts, it receives an impulse from a nerve cell. The muscle exerts force on tendons, which intern, pull on bones, producing movement.
173
Hypertonicity
of muscles is abnormally increased muscle tone or strength
174
hypotonicity
is diminished tone or tension in any body structure, such as in paralysis
175
muscul/ar
muscular
muscle/pertaining to
Means pertaining to muscle
176
Muscular system
is also closely associated with the nervous system, as indicated by the term neuromuscular, because a muscular fiber must first be stimulated by a nerve impulse before it can contract.
177
Three types of muscle tissue in the body
SKELETAL MUSCLE with the primary function of movement of the body and its parts, is voluntarily controlled by the nervous system.
VISCERAL MUSCLE which is located in the walls of organs and blood vessels, is involuntary and controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
CARDIAC MUSCLE is only located in the heart, is involuntary, and is also called myocardium.
178
skeletal muscle cells (fibers)
Functions and movement of the body; voluntary
Are long and cylindrical with alternating light and dark bands that give the cell a striated appearance. skeletal muscles are also known as voluntary muscles, because we have conscious control over them.
179
visceral muscle cells
Located in the walls of blood vessels and organs; involuntary
Are elongated, spindle shaped, and involuntary. Visceral muscle is also called smooth muscle, because it lacks striations.
180
Cardiac muscle cells (myocardium)
Located in the heart; involuntary
are cylindrical and striated, but they are shorter than skeletal muscle cells and are involuntary. These cells branch and interconnect.
181
More than 600 skeletal muscles
are attached to and control movement of the skeletal bones.
most skeletal muscles have names that describe some feature of the muscle, sometimes with several features combined in one name.
More skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons that span joints. When the muscle contracts, one bone moves relative to the other bone, and muscles, sometimes work in groups to form a particular movement.
182
pectoralis muscle (major)-large size
Tells us it is a large muscle of the chest
183
fascia
A fibrous membrane that covers, supports, and separates muscles.
184
fascial
Means pertaining to a fascia
185
Antagonistic pairs
Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs.
this means that when one muscle of the pair is contracted, the other is relaxed. For example, the biceps brachii muscle on the anterior arm bends the forearm at the elbow; the triceps brachii muscle on the posterior arm straightens the forearm at the elbow. When the former muscle contracts, the other is relaxed .
186
Extension
Movement that strengthens a limb
187
Flexion
Bending of a limb at a joint
Is the act of bending, being bent
Movement that bends a limb
The movement that means to bend a limb
188
extensor and flexors
The muscles responsible for extension (straightens limbs) and fluxion (bends a limb)
189
Abduction
Is the drawing away from the midline of the body, and the responsible muscles are called abductors
190
Abductors
Make movement possible away from the midline of the body
191
adduction
Is drawing toward the midline of the body
192
adductors
The muscles responsible for adduction
193
abductors
The muscles responsible for abduction
194
Circumduction
A circular movement of a limb at the far end, it is sometimes described as a combination of several movements (abduction, adduction, extension, and flexion)
195
Supination
Rotation that turns the palm of the hand up
The rotation that allows the palm of the hand to turn up
196
pronation
The rotation that turns the palm of the hand backward
197
Eversion
movement that allows turning the sole outward
is a turning outward or inside out, such as a turning of the foot outward at the ankle
198
inversion
Turning inward, such as turning of the foot inward at the ankle
199
rotation
Is the movement of a bone around its own axis, and the muscle that is responsible for rotation is called a rotator
200
rotator
The muscle that is responsible for rotation
201
Rotator cuff
is a group of muscles and their tendons in the shoulder that provides mobility and strength to the shoulder joint .
Young people usually sustain a tear of the rotator cuff by substantial injury( throwing a ball or heavy lifting)
however, older adults may experience tears related to aging or repetitive motions.
202
A torn rotator cuff
The acronym, and extension of the scapula, forms a joint with the clavicle. Manifestation of a tear in the rotator cuff include shoulder weakness and pain, as well as decreased ROM. A tear in the rotator cuff may result from gradual, degenerative changes of aging, repetitive stress of overhead arm motions, or injury. Young adults with a torn rotator cuff usually have had substantial trauma, such as a fall, heavy lifting, or repetitive overhead motions of swimming, weight lifting, or swinging a racket.
203
Range of motion (ROM)
Is measured as either active range of motion (AROM) or passive range of motion (PROM)
204
AROM
Is the range of movement through which a patient can actively, without assistance, move a joint by the adjacent muscles
205
PROM
Is the maximum range of movement through which the examiner can safely move a persons joint.
206
ROM (range of motion)
Is the maximum amount of movement that a healthy joint is capable of, and it is measured in degrees of a circle. Arrow M exercises are used to increase muscle strength and joint mobility.
goniometer is used to measure the angles of the ROM.
207
Reflex action
Is the immediate and involuntary function or movement of an organ or body part in response to a particular stimulus.
208
Reflex hammer
Is a mallet with a rubber head that is used to tap, tendons, nerves, or muscles to test reflex reaction
209
electromyography EMG
is used to record the response of a muscle to electric stimulation.
The resulting record is called an electromyogram.
210
bone density testing also called
bone densitometry
is any one of several methods of determining bone mass with machine that measures how well the rays penetrate the bone. This is helpful in diagnosing osteoporosis and determining the effectiveness of therapy.
211
Computed tomography (CT)
Produces an image of a cross-section of tissue
212
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
is used to view soft tissue (for example, to visualize a cartilage tear)
213
Bone scan
Is often useful in demonstrating malignant bone, tumors, which appear as areas of increased uptake of radioactive material.
214
CT, MRI, bone, scans, and biopsy
Are used to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors.
215
Bone marrow studies
Are used to diagnose leukemia, identified tumors, or other disorders of the bone marrow, and determine the extent of myelosuppression.
216
Myelosuppression
myelosuppression
Is inhibition of the bone marrow activity
217
bone marrow aspiration
The posterior iliac crest is generally the preferred site for bone marrow aspiration. In adults the anterior iliac crest or the sternum may also be used.
218
Arthroscopy of the knee
The examination of the interior of a joint is performed by inserting and
arthroscope through a small incision, and then sterile fluid is pumped into the space to expand the joint and aid and it’s visualization.
219
arthroscope
Is a fiberoptic instrument used for direct visualization of the interior of a joint.
The process is called arthroscopy
This procedure permits, biopsy of cartilage or damaged synovial membrane, diagnosis of a torn cartilage, and in some instances, removal of loose bodies in the joint space.
Contains optical, fibers, and lenses that allow close visualization of the joint and is connected to a video camera. The doctor sees the appearance of the interior of the joint on a television monitor.
220
Arthrocentesis
Is surgical puncture of a joint with a needle. This is performed to obtain samples of synovial fluid for diagnostic purposes, to remove excess fluid from joints to relieve pain, or to instill medications.
221
Arthrography
Is radiographic visualization of the inside of a joint. This is usually done by a intraarticular injection of a radiopaque substance.
222
intraarticular and intra-articular
Mean within the joint
223
arthrogram
The radiographic record produced after introduction of opaque contrast material into a joint is
224
Lumbar puncture (LP)
is performed for various therapeutic and diagnostic procedures.
Diagnostic purposes include obtaining cerebrospinal fluid, measuring its pressure, or injecting substances for radiographic studies of the nervous system.
Therapeutic indications include removing blood or pus, injecting drugs, and introducing an anesthetic for spinal anesthesia.
225
lumbar puncture
Is so named because the needle is inserted between two lumbar vertebrae, usually L2-L3 or L3-L4.
226
Flexed lateral position
Fetal position
227
Important laboratory tests are used to assess musculoskeletal disorders
1)Antinuclear antibody test (ANA) serum is tested for antinuclear antibodies. Test is used primarily to diagnose, systemic lupus erythematosus although a positive result, may indicate other autoimmune diseases.
2)Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
This is the rate at which erythrocytes settle out in a tube of blood that has been treated to prevent clotting. Elevated levels are found in many inflammatory processes.
3) Rheumatoid factor RF The RF test is positive in most patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
4)Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) increased levels are found in skeletal muscle disorders and myocardial infarction (death of a portion of cardiac muscle, which is commonly called a heart attack)
228
serum calcium and serum phosphorus
Are decreased whenever there is excessive loss of calcium from the bone
229
Calciuria
means calcium in the urine
230
hypercalciuria
Is often seen in metastatic bone disease, in which there is rapid born destruction.
231
electromyogram
The record produced by electric stimulation of a muscle
232
injury
Is a primary cause of problems of the musculoskeletal system, the bones, muscles, and associated tissue are subject to various pathologies, including metabolic disturbances, infections, congenital disorders, and connective tissue diseases.
233
myalgia and
myodynia
is muscular pain
234
Muscle cramp
Is a painful, involuntary muscle spasm, often caused by inflammation of the muscle, but it can be a symptom of electrolyte imbalance.
235
electrolyte imbalance
An example is tetany - a condition, characterized by cramps, convulsions, twitching of the muscles, and sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints. it is caused by an imbalance in calcium metabolism.
236
tetany
Is a nervous condition characterized by continuous muscle contractions involving the extremities
A condition characterized by cramps, convulsions, twitching of the muscles, and sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints. it is caused by an imbalance in calcium metabolism.
237
Common musculoskeletal injuries
Include simple muscle strains, sprains, dislocation, and fractures
238
strain
Damage, usually muscular, results from excessive physical force
239
Sprain
A traumatic injury to the tendons, muscles, or ligaments around a joint, characterized by pain, swelling, and discoloration of the skin over the joint.
240
Dislocation
displacement of a bone from a joint; often evident on x-ray images of the affected bones
241
fracture
A break in a bone; usually evident on x-ray images of the affected bones.
Fractures are described as complete or incomplete and simple versus compound.
242
compression fracture
Is a bone break caused by excessive vertical force. Pieces of the bone tend to move out in horizontal directions, and the affected bone collapses. The spinal cord is sometimes damaged in compression fractures of the vertebrae.
243
complete fractures
With the brake across the entire width of the bone, so that it is divided into two sections, or incomplete fractures
244
compound fracture, which is also called an open fracture
Is a Greek with a Bonus protrudes skin. Also called an open fracture.
The bone protrude through the skin
245
Simple or closed fracture
if a bone is fractured, but does not protrude through the skin
246
greenstick fracture
is seen principally in children, whose bones are still pliant
An incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent and fractured on one side only
247
Fractures types
1) impacted fracture: one bone fragment is firmly driven into the fractured end of another fragment
2) comminuted fracture: bone is broken into many small fragments
3) spiral fracture: bone is twisted apart (also shows displacement)
4) transverse fracture. The break in the bone is at right angles to the axis of the bone (also shows displacement)
248
spiral and transverse fractures
Often result in open fractures
249
immobilization of fractures
By use of a cast is common
250
Atrophy
means a decrease in the size of an organ or tissue. this type of trophy is called disuse a trophy.
muscle shrinks, when a limb is immobilized for a long period.
251
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Chronic condition of the wrist
Is an example of trauma that results from prolonged, repetitive movements. CTS is a condition in which the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed, causing pain and discomfort, excessive hand exercise, a potential occupational hazard, can lead to a chronic condition of CTS.
Surgery to relieve the pressure on the nerve may be necessary
252
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Is the ankle version of CTS. Treatment is similar to that for CTS.
253
Pain dysfunction syndrome or is sometimes shortened to TMJ temporomandibular joint
an abnormal condition, characterized by facial pain and by mandibular dysfunction, apparently caused by a defective or dislocated temporomandibular joint, some indications of this disorder are clicking of the joint when the jaw moves, Limitation of job, movement, and temporomandibular dislocation.
254
tarsoptosis
Is prolapse of the tarsals/tarsus. This is commonly called flat foot.
255
Hallux
Means the great toe
256
Hallux valgus
is a deformity of the foot, which is sometimes called a bunion. The great toe deviates laterally at the metatarsalphalangeal joint.
257
hammer toe
It’s a toll that is permanently flexed at the midphalangeal joint, producing a claw-like appearance. This common abnormality often occurs simultaneously with Hollux valgus. hammer told may be present in more than one digit, but the second toe is most often affected.
258
corns
(hard masses of epithelial cells overlying a bony prominence) may develop on the dorsal side,
259
calluses
(thickening of the outer layers of the skin at points of friction or pressure) may appear on the planter surface.
260
Morton neuroma
A small, painful tumor grows in a digital nerve of the foot. Surgical removal of the neuroma is generally indicated if the pain persists and interferes with walking.
261
Dupuytren contracture
is the cleaning and tightening of the Palmer fascia, causing the fourth and fifth finger to bend into the palm and resist extension. That causes not known.
262
Spinal stenosis
often a result of spinal degeneration, is narrowing of the spaces at any point along the spine and may result in compression of the cauda equine in the lumbar spine. Symptoms include pain, paresthesias, and neurogenic cramp like pains in the lower extremities.
263
Joint crepitus
The crackling sound produced when a bone rubs against another bone or roughened cartilage
264
arthro/chondr/itis
arthrochondritis
joint/cartilage/inflammation
Inflammation of the articular cartilage
265
burs/itis
bursitis
bursa/inflammation
Inflammation of a bursa, resulting from repetitive motion, trauma, infection, or other disorders of the musculoskeletal system
266
calcane/itis
calcaneitis
heel bone/inflammation
Inflammation of the heel bone
267
calcaneo/dynia
calcaneodynia
heel bone/pain
Painful heel
268
chondr/algia
chondr algia
chondro/dynia
chondrodynia
Would be expected, if cartilage becomes damaged
cartilage/pain
Pain of the cartilage
269
chondr/itis
chondritis
cartilage/inflammation
Inflammation of the cartilage
270
osteo/chondr/itis
osteochondritis
bone/cartilage/inflammation
Inflammation of both bone and cartilage
271
chondro/pathy
chondropathy
cartilage/disease
Any disease of a cartilage
272
ischi/algia
ischialgia
ischium/pain
pain in the ischium
273
ischio/dynia
ischiodynia
ischium/pain
pain in the ischium
274
rachi/algia
rachialgia
rachio/dynia
rachiodynia
spine/pain
Painful condition of the spine
275
sacro/dynia
sacrodynia
sacrum/pain
Pain in the sacrum
276
spondyl/algia
spondylalgia
vertebra/pain
Pain in a vertebrae
277
stern/algia
sternalgia
Sternum/pain
Pain in the sternum/ breastbone
278
synov/itis
synovitis
synovial membrane/inflammation
Inflammation of a synovial joint
279
ten/algia
tenalgia
teno/dynia
tenodynia
tendon/pain
Pain in a tendon
280
tendin/itis
tendinitis** preferred spelling
tendon/itis
tendonitis
tendon/inflammation
Inflammation of a tendon. Sometimes occurs in conjunction with bursitis.
281
tibi/algia
tibialgia
tibia/pain
Pain in the tibia
282
Normal bone metabolism
Is affected by nutrition, hormones, and hereditary factors.
283
Metabolic bone disorders:
Osteomalacia: which is characterized by decalcification, a loss of calcium, and softening of the bones, accompanied by weakness, fracture, pain, anorexia, and weight loss.
Osteoporosis: which is a reduction in the amount of bone mass and increase porosity. The bones appear thin and fragile, and fractures are common. Reduction in the amount of bone mass leads to subsequent fractures. It occurs most commonly in postmenopausal women, sedentary individuals, and patients receiving long term steroid therapy. Bones appear thin and fragile. Loss of height and spinal deformities are common.
Paget disease: which is a skeletal disorder of unknown cause characterized by excessive bone destruction (osteolysis). The disease is named for sir, James Paget, an English surgeon; it is also called osteitis deformans, because it was originally thought to be an inflammatory process.
284
Dowager’s Hump
Is an abnormal curvature of the spine from front to back often seen in osteoporosis (caused by multiple fractures of the thoracic vertebrae).
285
Osteomalacia
A condition that follows bone decalcification
Is abnormal softening of the bones due to decalcification
Is the adult equivalent of rickets in children
Which is characterized by decalcification, a loss of calcium, and softening of the bones, accompanied by weakness, fracture, pain, anorexia, and weight loss.
286
Osteoporosis
Which is a reduction in the amount of bone mass and increase porosity. The bones appear thin and fragile, and fractures are common. Reduction in the amount of bone mass leads to subsequent fractures. It occurs most commonly and postmenopausal women, sedentary individuals, and patients receiving long-term steroid therapy. Bones appear thin and fragile. Loss of height and spinal deformities are common.
287
Osteolysis
Excessive bone destruction
Is associated with Paget disease
288
Paget disease
Which is a skeletal disorder of unknown cause characterized by excessive bone destruction. The disease is named for, sir, James Paget, an English surgeon; it is also called osteitis deformans.
289
Osteosclerosis
Excessive formation can lead to abnormal hardness and unusual heaviness of bone
290
Osteoporotic
Changes in the curvature of the spine.
These changes come around the age of 60 and 70 and they bring about a loss of as much as 6 to 9 inches in height, and the so-called dowager’s hump in the upper thoracic vertebrae.
291
Rickets
Vitamin D and calcium deficiency in childhood, resulting in abnormal bone formation
This condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D results in abnormal bone formation, such as the bowed legs. (legs are bent outward at the knee)
Insufficient calcium for bone mineralization during the growing years causes rickets.
Skeletal deformities of rickets are much more severe than those of osteomalacia in adults.
292
calci/penia
calcipenia
Calcium/deficiency
a deficiency of calcium in the body
293
Vitamin D
Aids in the absorption of calcium from the intestinal tract. A deficiency of vitamin D results in insufficient calcium absorption and calcipenia.
294
Osteopenia - reduce bone mass
Not a disease, but a condition that is common to metabolic bone disease. Is a reduced bone mass, which is usually the result of synthesis not compensating for the rate of destruction of bone.
295
Osteitis
Is inflammation of a bone. It may be caused by infection, degeneration, or trauma.
Osteitis results in ostealgia, also called osteodynia, which means bone pain
296
Ostealgia
Osteodynia
Bone pain
297
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
Is an infection of the bone and bone marrow caused by infectious microorganisms that are introduced by trauma or surgery, by extension from a nearby infection, or via the bloodstream. Staphylococci are common causes of osteomyelitis.
298
Myelitis
Means inflammation of either the bone marrow or the spinal cord
299
Cellulitis
Is an acute spreading, swollen, pus-forming inflammation of the deep subcutaneous tissues. It may be associated with abscess formation. If the muscle is also involved, it is called myocellulitis
300
Myocellulitis
Inflammation of muscle and deep subcutaneous tissue
An acute pus-forming inflammation of the tissues and muscle
301
Benign bone tumors
Benign tumors arise from several types of tissue. The major classifications include chondrogenic tumors, osteogenic tumors, and fibrogenic tumors.
302
Chondrogenic
Tumors develop in the cartilage.
303
chondroma
Is a benign tumor or tumorlike growth of mature cartilage.
304
osteochondroma
Which is composed of bone and cartilage, is the most common benign bone tumor.
305
Osteogenic tumors
Arise in the bone. These are usually benign, but one type, giant cell tumor of the bone, sometimes metastasizes.
306
Fibrogenic
Tumors are derived from fibrous tissue
307
Metastatic bone cancer
Occurs far more frequently than primary bone cancer.
primary cancers of the breast, prostate, kidney, thyroid, and lung are sometimes called bone seeking cancers, because they frequently metastasize to bone tissue, especially bone marrow.
308
Terms using the word part -sarcoma name or describe malignant tumors.
Osteosarcoma means a malignant primary neoplasm of bone
There may be rare instances of misnomers. Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary malignant bone tumor. In addition to osteosarcoma, other primary bone tumors, include these cancers.
Chondrosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
309
Chondrosarcoma
Malignant tumor derived from cartilage, spreads to the bone, and destroys it.
310
Fibrosarcoma
Arises from fibrous tissues. Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive bone tumor.
311
Multiple myeloma
Is a malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow that disrupts and destroys bone marrow function. Both multiple myeloma and leukemia are white blood cell cancers with proliferation of certain types of cells, and limited production of normal red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
312
Leukemia
Is a blood condition with many immature white blood cells.
Is a broad term given to a group of malignant diseases that are characterized by replacement of bone marrow with proliferating immature leukocytes and abnormal numbers of immature leukocytes in the blood circulation.
313
The classification of leukemia is complex
But the diseases classified, according to the predominant type of proliferating leukocytes.
Acute leukemia has a sudden onset, whereas chronic leukemia developes slowly, and signs similar to those of acute leukemia may not appear for years. Diagnosis made by blood test and bone marrow biopsies.
314
Lymphocytic or lymphoblastic and myelocytic, or myelogenous
Leukemias are broad classifications, and several subtypes exist.
315
Lymphoblastic
Are immature cells that develop into lymphocytes
316
Granulocytes
Immune cells in myelogenous leukemias are ………….
317
ALL
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
318
CLL
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
319
AML
Acute myelogenous leukemia
320
CML
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
321
Spina bifida
malformation of the spine
Is a congenital abnormality characterized by defective closure of the bones of the spine. It can be so extensive that it allows herniation of the spinal cord, or it might be evident only on reveal logic examination.
Is a developmental defect in the lower spine. In cases where the separation is wide enough contents of the spinal canal protrude through the opening.
322
Dystrophy
Is any abnormal condition caused by defective nutrition, often in telling a developmental change in muscles.
323
Muscular dystrophy
Is a group of inherited diseases that are characterized by weakness and atrophy of muscle, without involvement of the nervous system. In all forms of muscular dystrophy there is progressive disability and loss of strength. The name of this disease, the cause of which is unknown, but appears to be an inborn error of metabolism.
324
Polydactylism or polydactyly
Is the presence of many digits on the hands or feet. In either of these terms, it is understood that the number of digits it’s greater than the expected number of five.
325
Syndactyly this is also called syndactylism
It’s a congenital anomaly of the hand or foot marked by persistence of the webbing between adjacent digits, so they are more or less completely attached. It can’t be so severe that there is complete union of the digits and fusion of the bones.
326
Craniocele
Hernial protrusion of the brain through a defect in the skull; encephalocele
327
kyphosis
Abnormal convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine is viewed from the side
328
Lordosis
Abnormal concavity of the lumbar spine as viewed from the side
329
rachischisis
A fissure (split) of one or more vertebrae
330
sternoschisis
Fissure (split) of the sternum (breastbone)
331
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine, a fairly common abnormality of childhood, especially in females; sometimes it is caused by unequal leg lengths
332
Abnormal curvature of the spine
1) scoliosis, lateral curvature of the spine
2) lordosis, abnormal anterior concavity of the lumbar spine
3) severe kyphosis, of the thoracic spine
333
Arthritis
Is any inflammatory condition of the joints, characterized by pain, heat, swelling, redness, and limitation of movement.
334
ankyl/osing spondyl/itis
ankylosing spondylitis
A form of rheumatoid arthritis affects the spine
Is inflammation and stiffening that affects the vertebrae (spine)
stiff/ spine/information
Inflammation and stiffening of the spine; the causes unknown
335
ankyl/osis
ankylosis
In mobility of a joint
stiff/condition
Stiffening of a joint
336
arthr/algia
arthralgia
arthro/dynia
arthro dynia
joint/pain
Pain in a joint
337
arthro/pathy
arthropathy
joint/disease
Any disease of the joints
338
arthro/sclerosis
arthrosclerosis
joint/hardening
Hardening of the joints
339
dors/algia
Dorsalgia
back/pain
Pain in the back
340
osteo/arthro/pathy
osteoarthropathy
bones/joint/disease
A disease of the bones and joints
341
poly/arthr/itis
polyarthritis
many/joint/inflammation
Inflammation of more than one joint; the inflammation may migrate from one joint to the other, or several joints may be inflamed simultaneously.
342
spondyl/arthr/itis
spondylarthritis
vertebrae/joint/inflammation
Spinal arthritis
343
spondyl/arthro/pathy
spondylarthropathy
vertebrae/joint/disease
Disorder affecting the joints and spine
General term that means anyone of a group of inflammatory disorders, that affect the joints and spine
344
Autoimmune diseases
Are characterized by altered function of the immune system, and include the following diseases
Lupus Erythematosus: named for the characteristic butterfly rash (usually red) that appears across the bridge of the nose in some cases. Classified as cutaneous or discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and systemic lupus erythematosus. (SLE)
Systemic scleroderma: characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and sclerosis of the skin and vital organs; also called systemic sclerosis. Causes unknown, but autoimmunity is suspected.
Sjogren Syndrome: characterized by deficient fluid production, which leads to dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness of other mucous membranes, primarily affecting women older than 40 years.
345
Connective tissue diseases
Are a group of acquired disorders that cause immunologic and inflammatory changes in small blood vessels and connective tissues, and include two important types of arthritis
1) osteoarthritis: a form of arthritis in which one or more joints undergo degenerative changes particularly loss of articular cartilage; it is also called degenerative joint disease DJD
2) rheumatoid arthritis RA: the second most commonly occurring connective tissue disease. It is also the most destructive to joints, primarily affecting synovial joints. Joint deformity is common.
346
Osteoarthritis
Is the most common form of arthritis, but generally, rheumatoid arthritis is more destructive to joints
347
gout
included in disease of arthritis because it affects the joints
Is a systemic disease associated with an inborn error of uric acid metabolism. Urate crystals deposit in the joints, myocardium, kidneys, and ears, causing inflammation. The disease can cause painful swelling of a joint, accompanied by chills and fever. Males are affected more often than females, and diet and medication are critical in the management of this disease.
348
Lyme disease
Is an infection caused by the bite of an infected deer tick. Symptoms in the early stages of the disease are a circular rash, ill feeling, fever, headache, and muscle and joint aches. Prompt antibiotic treatment is effective. Without treatment, a small percentage of infected persons will develop arthritis as well as heart and neurologic problems.
349
Rheumatoid arthritis
There is marked deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joints, causing deviation of the fingers to the ulnar side of the hand
350
Polymyositis
Is an inflammatory myopathy that involves many muscles, which leads to a trophy of the muscle. Weight loss, fatigue, and gradual weakness of the muscles are characteristics.
351
Myopathy
A disease of the muscles
352
Myofascial
Pertains to a muscle and its fascia. Myofascial pain syndrome is pain in one region of the body, often diagnosed by palpitation of a trigger point that causes pain and twitching of a muscle some distance away from the point of palpitation.
353
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Is a disorder characterized by disabling fatigue, accompanied by a variety of associated complaints, including muscle pain, joint pain, and headache. Named for its chief symptom fatigue.
354
Polymyalgia
Means pain of many muscles.
Pain in many muscles
355
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the arteries in muscles. The major symptoms are stiffness, weakness, and eating that occur, most commonly in the shoulder or pelvic girdle.
356
Fibromyalgia also called fibromyalgia syndrome
Is characterized by widespread non-articular pain of the torso, extremities, and the face. It may be attributed to deep sleep deprivation. Non-articular means that the joints are not involved in this chronic disorder.
357
Trophy of muscle tissue occurs as one ages
But the rate is slowed by exercise. Therapeutic exercise that increases muscle, strength and tone is helpful with balance and walking and provide support for the joints as one ages.
358
Myolysis
Means disintegration or degeneration of muscle.
359
myomalacia
Is abnormal softening of muscle tissue
360
Myasthenia
Is a term specifically applied to muscle weakness. The suffix -asthenia means weakness.
361
Myasthenia gravis
A disease of the nervous system that is characterized by fatigue and muscle weakness
Is a disease of unknown cause, characterized by fatigue and muscle weakness resulting from the defect in the conduction of nerve impulses. It may either be restricted to one muscle group or become generalized. The disorder may affect any muscles of the body, but especially those of the eyes, face, lips, tongue, neck, and throat.
362
myocele
Is herniation of a muscle through its ruptured sheath.
363
myofibrosis
Condition where muscle is replaced by fibrous tissue
Is a condition in which muscle tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue
364
Simple, complete fracture
A fracture in which the bone is broken into two pieces, but does not protrude through the skin
365
Fibula
The smaller bone of the lower leg
366
Orthopedics
Is the branch of medicine that specializes in the prevention and correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
367
Orthopedic surgeon
Orthopedist restore fractures to their normal position by reduction, pulling the broken fragments into alignment.
368
Reduction
Pulling the broken fragments into alignment
Pulling a fracture into alignment
369
Closed reduction
Pulling a broken bone into alignment without surgery
A fracture is usually restore to its normal position by manipulation without surgery
370
Splint
Immobilizes, restraints, or supports the injured part (example, the finger) until healing occurs.
371
Cast
Is a stiffer, more solid dressing form with plaster of Paris or other material
372
Traction
Is the use of pulling force to a part of the body to produce alignment and rest, while decreasing muscle spasm and correcting or preventing deformity.
373
Open reduction
Exposing a broken bone by surgery and aligning it
If a fracture must be exposed by surgery before the broken ends can be aligned
374
Internal fixation
Surgery that uses pins or other materials to immobilize a broken bone
Uses pins, rods, plates, screws, and or other materials to immobilize the fracture. After healing, the fixation devices may be either removed or left in place.
375
External fixation
May be used in both open and close reductions. This method uses metal pins attached to a compression device outside the skin surface.
376
After a bone is broken
The body begins the healing process to repair the injury. Electric bone stimulation, bone grafting, and ultrasound treatment may be used when healing is slow or does not occur.
377
spondylo/syn/desis
spondylosyndesis
Is spinal fusion(to make the spine immobile)
Vertebra/joined (or together)/binding or fusion
Is spinal fusion. It is fixation of an unstable segment of the spine, generally accomplished by surgical fusion with a bone graft or a synthetic device.
378
Laminectomy
Surgical removal of one or more bony arches of the vertebrae and is largely performed to relieve the pain of herniated discs and compression fractures.
This is a surgical removal of the bony posterior arch of the vertebrae to permit surgical access to the disc so that the herniated material can be removed.
379
Diskectomy
Complete excision of an intervertebral disk.
380
Vertebroplasty
Vertebral fractures can sometimes be repaired by vertebroplasty. In this procedure, a plastic like substance is injected on each side of the fractured vertebra to hold the fragments in position while the bone heals.
The name of the procedure used to assist the healing of a fractured vertebra —————
381
Partial Fasciectomy
Is excision of fascia.
A partial fasciectomy is generally performed to relieve Dupuytren contracture when function becomes impaired
382
Bunionectomy
Excision of a bunion.
Surgical repair to straighten the great toe can be done at the same time. Surgery may be performed to correct the alignment in hammer toe also.
383
Arthrectomy
Is excision of a joint
384
Arthrotomy
Means incision of a joint
385
Arthroplasty
Is surgical repair of a joint
When other measures are in adequate to provide pain control for degenerative joint disease, surgery may be indicated, often total joint replacement TJR.
386
Chondroplasty
Surgical repair of damaged cartilage. This may be necessary if the cartilage becomes torn or displaced.
387
chondrectomy
Means surgical removal of cartilage
388
Prosthesis
Is artificial replacement of a missing body part, such as an artificial limb or total joint replacement. Knee replacement follows hip replacement as the most commonly replaced joint.
389
Continuous passive motion, machine, CPM
After knee replacement surgery, progressive exercise, sometimes include a continuous passive motion machine, CPM
390
Arthro/desis
Arthrodesis
joint/fusion
Means fusion of a joint
It’s a surgical procedure that is used to immobilize a joint. It is artificial ankylosis. If using the bones together, stabilizes painful joints that have become on able to bear weight. Thus a stiff but stable and painless joint results.
391
Arthroclasia
Is surgical breaking of an ankylosis (immobile joint) to provide mobility.
Is artificial breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement. Arthroclasia is a surgical procedure that is used to break adhesions of an ankylosed joint.
392
Arthrolysis
Means operative loosening of adhesions in an ankylosed joint
393
burs/ectomy
bursectomy
bursa/excision
Excision of a bursa
394
carp/ectomy
carpectomy
carpus/excision
Excision of one or more of the bones of the wrist
395
coccyg/ectomy
coccygectomy
Excision of the tailbone
coccyx/excision
Excision of the coccyx
396
Cost/ectomy
costectomy
Ribexcision
Excision of a rib
397
crani/ectomy
craniectomy
Skull/excision
excision of a segment of the skull
When a part of the skull is removed to remove a tumor, for example. The bone may be replaced immediately after surgery or be temporary left off to reduce pressure from swelling due to trauma caused by the surgery.
398
Cranio/plasty
Cranioplasty
Skull/surgical repair
Surgical repair of the cranium
399
Cranio/tomy
Craniotomy
Is cutting into the skull
Cranium/incision
Incision into the cranium
Any surgical opening into the skull is a craniotomy.
400
Myo/plasty
Myoplasty
Muscle/surgical repair
Surgical repair of a muscle
401
myo/rrhaphy
myorrhaphy
Muscle/suture
Suture of a torn or cut muscle
402
oste/ectomy
ostectomy or osteectomy
Bone/excision
Excision of a bone or a portion of it
403
Osteo/tome
Osteotome
Is an instrument used to cut a bone
404
Osteo/plasty
Osteoplasty
Bone/surgical repair
Surgical repair of a bone
405
Phalang/ectomy
phalangectomy
Finger or toe/excision
Excision of a bone of the finger or toe
406
Sterno/tomy
Sternotomy
Sternum/incision
Incision of the sternum, a common incision used in open-heart surgery
407
Tendo/plasty
Tendoplasty
Tendon/surgical repair
Surgical repair of the tendon
408
tenomyoplasty
tenomyoplasty
tendon/muscle/surgical
Surgical repair of a tendon and muscle
409
teno/rrhaphy
tenorrhaphy
tendon/suture
Union of a divided tendon by suture
410
Teno/tomy
Tenotomy
tendon/incision
Incision of a tendon
411
vertebr/ectomy
vertebrectomy
Vertebra/excision
Excision of a vertebrae
412
Antiarthritics
Are various forms of therapy that relieve the symptoms of arthritis, as well as anti-arthritic agents, which reduce inflammation and pain
413
Uricosurics
Are drugs that increase urinary excretion of uric acid in the treatment of gout
414
Hematologist
Oncologist
Treat persons with cancer or leukemia.
The motive treatment differs for different types of leukemia, but aggressive chemotherapy is common.
A major side effect of chemotherapy is severe, bone marrow, suppression, so a combination of chemotherapy, antibiotics, prevent infection, and blood transfusion to replace red blood cells and platelets is often given.
415
Myelosuppression
An agent that inhibits bone marrow activity
Means inhibiting bone marrow activity
416
Bone marrow transplant, BMT
Is used to stimulate the production of normal blood cells. The patient’s bone marrow is first destroyed with radiation and chemotherapy. Healthy bone marrow cells, stem cells, are transfused into the patient’s blood: they migrate to the spongy bone and multiply into cancer free bone marrow cells.
417
Bone marrow transplants
Cord blood, collected immediately, after birth, is rich in stem cells, and may be an alternative to bone marrow transplants.
418
Autologus transplants
Clients receive their own stem cells, which were collected before chemotherapy was begun
419
Osteotomy
Excision of a bone
420
Primary bone tumors
The treatment is surgical, often combined with chemotherapy and radiation. Pain can be intense in malignant bone tumors, so controlling pain is an important part of a patient’s care
421
Antiinflammatories
Medication’s that reduce inflammation
422
Drug class: effect in uses
423
Analgesics: Relieve pain
acetaminophen (Tylenol)
aspirin (Bayer)
celecoxib (Celebrex)
fentanyl (Duragesic)
morphine (MS Contin) oxycodone (OxyContin)
424
Antigout Agents: Treat gout
colchicine (Colcrys)
pegloticase (Krystexxa)
425
Uricosurics: Increase urinary excretion of uric acid
probenecid (Benemid)
426
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors: Reduce production of uric acid
allopurinol (Zyloprim)
427
Antiinflammatories: Reduce inflammatio
Corticosteroids and nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) act as antinflammatories.
hydrocortisone (Cortef)
ibuprofen (Motrin)
ketorolac (Toradoll methylprednisolone (Medrol)
prednisone (Kayos)
triamcinolone (Kenalog)
428
Antiosteoporotics: Used to treat osteoporosis
Some bisphosphonates and selective estrogen receptor modulators act as antiosteoporotics.
alendronate (Fosamax)
ir modulators aut as unuusteoporotics.
calcitonin (Miacalcin
raloxifene (Evista)
429
Bisphosphonates: Affect bone formation to treat bone diseases such as osteoporosis
alendronate (Fosamax)
ibandronate (Boniva)
zoledronic acid (Zometa)
430
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): Slow progression of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases
auranofin (Ridaura)
etanercept (Enbrel)
infliximab (Remicade)
methotrexate (Trexall)
tocilizumab (Actemra)
431
Muscle Relaxants: Relax skeletal muscles to relieve pain due to muscle spasms
carisoprodol (Somal
cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)
metaxalone (Skelaxin)
432
Neuromuscular-Blocking Drugs: Induce muscle paralysis for surgery
cisatracurium (Nimbex)
pancuronium (Pavulon)
succiny/choline (Anectine)
433
Decalcification
Is the loss of calcium from bone
434
Decalcification
Is the loss of calcium from bone
435
Decalcification
Is the loss of calcium from bone
436
Herniated disk
Is aventure of cartilage between vertebra
437
Tibia
Is commonly known as the shin bone
438
Compound fracture
Broken bone protrudes through the skin
439
Anomaly
A marked deviation from the normal standard, especially as a result of congenital defects
