Defining Terms

Question 1

Define Coronal Consonants

Answer 1

Articulated with the tongue tip

Question 2

Define Dorsal Consonants

Answer 2

Articulated with the body and/or back of the tongue

Question 3

What is another word for glotallic ingressive sounds

Answer 3

implosives

Question 4

What is the direction of airflow of clicks

Answer 4

Velaric ingressive

Question 5

What organ initiates the airstream in a pulmonic egressive sound

Answer 5

The lungs

Question 6

A brief period of voicelessness after the release of a stop and before the start of a following vowel

Answer 6

Aspiration

Question 6

What is an inflectional morpheme

Answer 6

A morpheme that adds grammatical information

Plural form -s, comparative -er (narrower), changing tense, etc

Question 7

What is a derivational morpheme

Answer 7

Formation of a new lexeme from an existing lexeme
“-ness”+kind=kindness “-ment”+develop=development
“Un-“+like=unlike

Question 7

Define an Affricate

Answer 7

Combination of a stop followed by a fricative

Question 8

What is an affix

Answer 8

A morpheme attached to a word stem to form a new word

Can also be inflectional! Can be at the front or end of the word/root

Question 9

What is a compounding morpheme

Answer 9

Independent morphemes put together to make a new word
“bookshelf” (book + shelf) and
“sunflower” (sun + flower)

Question 10

What is a root morpheme

Answer 10

The morpheme that gives the word meaning

Question 11

Explain bound vs Free morphemes

Answer 11

Free morphemes are stand alone words, bound morphemes are not

Question 12

Define a suffix

Answer 12

A morpheme added at the end of a word

Question 13

Complementary Distribution

Answer 13

A situation where two sounds never occur in the same environment.

Question 14

What is a natural class

Answer 14

A category of sounds that is a unique set of phonemic properties

e.g. High vowels, oral stops, voiced velar consonants.

Question 15

Define Allophone

Answer 15

A speech sound that is one possible phonetic realization of some particular phoneme in a specific environment

Question 16

Define positional neutralization

Answer 16

When two sounds are clearly independent phonemes in the language, but there is some environment where only one of them can occur and not the other.

Question 17

What is a morpheme

Answer 17

The smallest meaninful unit in a given language

Question 18

What is the meaning of preconsonantal

Answer 18

Coming before a consonant.

Question 19

Define phonotactics

Answer 19

The study of the rules governing phoneme sequences in a language.

Question 20

When to use square brackets [] vs slashes / /

Answer 20

Narrow transcription = square
Broad transcription = slashes

Question 21

Define liquid consonants

Answer 21

/l, r/. Partial closure of the mouth.

Question 22

Define phonological rules

Answer 22

Phonological rules are rules that govern systemic sound changes in certain environments

Question 23

Define a phonetic underlying representation

Answer 23

The realisation of a phoneme when presented in a vacuum.

Question 24

Define epenthesis

Answer 24

When a segment is added that was not present in the underlying form

Question 25

Define the dessimilation sound change.

Answer 25

When two nearby segments between less alike.

Question 26

Define the debuccalization sound change

Answer 26

When an oral stop changes place of articulation to the glottis.

Question 27

Define the Metathesis sound change

Answer 27

When two sounds swap places

e.g. thridda (OE) > third

Question 28

Define the lenition sound change

Answer 28

“Weakening” of a sound from something taking more effort to pronounce to something that takes less effort.

e.g. plosive becomes affricate or fricative.

Question 29

Define fortition in sound change

Answer 29

Opposite of lenition, when a sound gets strengthened.

Question 30

Define prothesis in sound change

Answer 30

The addition of a sound at the beginning of a word

Question 31

Define derivation in phonology

Answer 31

The surface representation of a word, resulting from the rules affecting the UR

Question 32

Define [+continuant]

Answer 32

The sound can be held/continued, anything not a stop or affricate

Question 33

Define [+sonorant]

Answer 33

Produced with continous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract. Little constriction and/or turbulence. Mostly made up of Nasals, approximants, vowels, and glides.

Also the heirarchy used for syllable structure

Question 34

Define [+approximant]

Answer 34

Articulators approach each other but not narrowly enough or with enough precision to create turbulent airflow.

Approximant, lateral approximant, glides, vowels

Question 35

Define [+strident]

Answer 35

Obstruents of a higher amplitude and pitch,

Only affricates and fricatives are stridents,

Not all fricatives are stridents, namely [ θ, ð, x, ɣ ], can be used to capture sibilants in a natural class.

Question 36

Define [+lateral]

Answer 36

+lateral refers to direction of airflow within the vocal tract, lateral approximants are +lateral, everything else is -lateral.

Question 37

Define [+anterior]

Answer 37

Consonants articulated infront of or including the alveolar ridge

Question 38

Define [+distributed]

Answer 38

Long duration of constriction and part of the tongue used. +Distributed refers to laminal consonants (tongue blade) and -Distributed refers to apical consonants (tongue tip)

Question 39

Define ambisyllabic

Answer 39

1 phoneme covering the coda of one syllable and the onset of another

Question 40

If a feature has two possible values is it Binary or Unary?

Answer 40

Binary

Question 41

Define coalescence

Answer 41

he fusion of two segments, such that the outcome is a single segment that combines some properties from each of them (e.g. a+u → o, or ŋ+p → m)

Question 42

What type of language is a register tone system

Answer 42

A language that has only level tones, no contour tones,