Defining Terms Flashcards
Define Coronal Consonants
Articulated with the tongue tip
Define Dorsal Consonants
Articulated with the body and/or back of the tongue
What is another word for glotallic ingressive sounds
implosives
What is the direction of airflow of clicks
Velaric ingressive
What organ initiates the airstream in a pulmonic egressive sound
The lungs
A brief period of voicelessness after the release of a stop and before the start of a following vowel
Aspiration
What is an inflectional morpheme
A morpheme that adds grammatical information
Plural form -s, comparative -er (narrower), changing tense, etc
What is a derivational morpheme
Formation of a new lexeme from an existing lexeme
“-ness”+kind=kindness “-ment”+develop=development
“Un-“+like=unlike
Define an Affricate
Combination of a stop followed by a fricative
What is an affix
A morpheme attached to a word stem to form a new word
Can also be inflectional! Can be at the front or end of the word/root
What is a compounding morpheme
Independent morphemes put together to make a new word
“bookshelf” (book + shelf) and
“sunflower” (sun + flower)
What is a root morpheme
The morpheme that gives the word meaning
Explain bound vs Free morphemes
Free morphemes are stand alone words, bound morphemes are not
Define a suffix
A morpheme added at the end of a word
Complementary Distribution
A situation where two sounds never occur in the same environment.
What is a natural class
A category of sounds that is a unique set of phonemic properties
e.g. High vowels, oral stops, voiced velar consonants.
Define Allophone
A speech sound that is one possible phonetic realization of some particular phoneme in a specific environment
Define positional neutralization
When two sounds are clearly independent phonemes in the language, but there is some environment where only one of them can occur and not the other.
What is a morpheme
The smallest meaninful unit in a given language
What is the meaning of preconsonantal
Coming before a consonant.
Define phonotactics
The study of the rules governing phoneme sequences in a language.
When to use square brackets [] vs slashes / /
Narrow transcription = square
Broad transcription = slashes
Define liquid consonants
/l, r/. Partial closure of the mouth.
Define phonological rules
Phonological rules are rules that govern systemic sound changes in certain environments
Define a phonetic underlying representation
The realisation of a phoneme when presented in a vacuum.
Define epenthesis
When a segment is added that was not present in the underlying form
Define the dessimilation sound change.
When two nearby segments between less alike.
Define the debuccalization sound change
When an oral stop changes place of articulation to the glottis.
Define the Metathesis sound change
When two sounds swap places
e.g. thridda (OE) > third
Define the lenition sound change
“Weakening” of a sound from something taking more effort to pronounce to something that takes less effort.
e.g. plosive becomes affricate or fricative.
Define fortition in sound change
Opposite of lenition, when a sound gets strengthened.
Define prothesis in sound change
The addition of a sound at the beginning of a word
Define derivation in phonology
The surface representation of a word, resulting from the rules affecting the UR
Define [+continuant]
The sound can be held/continued, anything not a stop or affricate
Define [+sonorant]
Produced with continous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract. Little constriction and/or turbulence. Mostly made up of Nasals, approximants, vowels, and glides.
Also the heirarchy used for syllable structure
Define [+approximant]
Articulators approach each other but not narrowly enough or with enough precision to create turbulent airflow.
Approximant, lateral approximant, glides, vowels
Define [+strident]
Obstruents of a higher amplitude and pitch,
Only affricates and fricatives are stridents,
Not all fricatives are stridents, namely [ θ, ð, x, ɣ ], can be used to capture sibilants in a natural class.
Define [+lateral]
+lateral refers to direction of airflow within the vocal tract, lateral approximants are +lateral, everything else is -lateral.
Define [+anterior]
Consonants articulated infront of or including the alveolar ridge
Define [+distributed]
Long duration of constriction and part of the tongue used. +Distributed refers to laminal consonants (tongue blade) and -Distributed refers to apical consonants (tongue tip)
Define ambisyllabic
1 phoneme covering the coda of one syllable and the onset of another
If a feature has two possible values is it Binary or Unary?
Binary
Define coalescence
he fusion of two segments, such that the outcome is a single segment that combines some properties from each of them (e.g. a+u → o, or ŋ+p → m)
What type of language is a register tone system
A language that has only level tones, no contour tones,
