Definicje Flashcards
Astereognosis
inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input
-> lesions of the parietal lobe or dorsal column
Agraphesthesia
difficulty recognizing a written number or letter traced on the skin
-> lesions of the parietal lobe or thalamus
Argyll-Robertson pupil
bilateral small pupils that reduce in size on a near object (accommodation), but do not constrict when exposed to bright light
-> neurosyphilis, Parinaud syndrome
Marcus-Gunn pupil
during the swinging-flashlight test -> the patient’s pupils dilate when a bright light is swung from the unaffected eye to the affected eye
Apraxia
difficulty with the motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked
-> frontal or posterior parietal cortex demage
Aphasia
inability to comprehend or formulate language
Agnosia
inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells
-> damage to the occipitotemporal border (part of ventral stream)
Dysarthria
injury of the motor component of the motor–speech system
Akathisia
feeling of inner restlessness and inability to stay still
-> dopamine system
Asterixis
jerking movements of the outstretched hands when bent upward at the wrist
- > abnormal function of the diencephalic motor centers
- > metabolic disorders
Athetosis
slow, involuntary, convoluted, writhing movements of different parts of a body (usually fingers, hands, toes, and feet)
-> stratium lesion
Dystonia
neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder syndrome in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures
Myoclonus
brief, involuntary, irregular twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles
Extinction
impaired ability of perceiving multiple stimuli of the same type simultaneously
-> damage resulting in lesions on one side of the brain
Wernicke aphasia
= receptive, sensory
type of aphasia in which individuals have difficulty understanding written and spoken language
-> posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) = Wernicke’s area in dominating hemisphere
Broki aphasia
= Expressive
partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual or written), although comprehension generally remains intact
-> lesion of triangular part and opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus (Broki area) in dominating hemisphere
Global aphasia
severe form of nonfluent aphasia, that affects both receptive and expressive language skills
-> damage to Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and insular regions (associated with aspects of language)
Conduction aphasia
= associative
intact auditory comprehension, coherent (yet paraphasic) speech production, but poor speech repetition
-> specific damage to the arcuate fasciculus connecting Broki and Wernicke area
-> dominating inferior parietal lobe (supramarginal gyrus) or superior temporal gyrus
Transcortical motos aphasia
difficulties forming complex sentences, choosing which words to use appropriately, and initiating speech in conversation with preserved repeating ability
-> damage in the anterior superior frontal lobe (watershed region)
Transcortical sensory aphasia
poor auditory comprehension and fluent speech with semantic paraphasias present, intact repetition
-> lesions in the inferior left temporal lobe (watershed region)
Transcortical mixed aphasia
severe speaking and comprehension impairment, but with preserved repetition
-> lesions in both inferior left temporal lobe and anterior superior frontal lobe (watershed regions)
Amnestic aphasia
mild, fluent type of aphasia where individuals have word retrieval failures and cannot express the words they want to say
-> may be caused by damage to almost anywhere in the dominating hemisphere
Subcortical aphasia
partial or total loss of the ability to communicate verbally, usually mutism, paraphasias are present, intact repetition
-> lesions in the basal ganglia, white matter tracts, or thalamus
Agraphia
loss in the ability to communicate through writing
Frontal -> usually with aphasia, spelling knowledge is lost to such a degree that the individual can only write very few meaningful words, or cannot write any words at all
Parietal -> damage to the various motor and visualization skills involved in writing (paragrahia)
Alexia
loss in the ability to read
- without agraphia -> medial part of parietal lobe
- with agraphia -> joint area of temporal and parietal area (supraangular gyrus)
Abulia/ Aboulia
lack of will or initiative -> disorder of diminished motivation (DDM)
-> Injuries to the frontal lobe and/or the basal ganglia (dopamine system)
Oscillopsia
Visual disturbance in which objects in the visual field appear to oscillate
Anosognosia
Deficit of self-awareness, a condition in which a person with a disability is unaware of having it
Asomatognosia
a form of neglect in which patients deny ownership of body parts such as their limbs
Hemispatial neglect
deficit in attention to and awareness of one side of the field of vision is observed
Muteness or mutism
absence of speech while conserving or maintaining the ability to understand the speech of others
Autotopagnosia
inability to orient parts of the body
-> lesion in the parietal part of the posterior thalmic radiations
Prosopagnosia
ability to recognize familiar faces, including one’s own face (self-recognition), is impaired
-> lesion in fusiform gyrus = lateral occipitotemporal gyrus
Akinetopsia
inability to perceive motion in visual fields
-> lesions in the posterior side of the visual cortex or bilateral lesion of middle temporal cortex
Auditory agnos
inability to recognize or differentiate between sounds
Apperceptive visual agnosia
unable to distinguish visual shapes and so have trouble recognizing, copying, or discriminating between different visual stimuli
-> damage in proximity to the occipital lobe
Associative visual agnosia
Patients can describe visual scenes and classes of objects but still fail to recognize them. They may, for example, know that a fork is something you eat with but may mistake it for a spoon
- > are still able to reproduce an image through copying
- > dominant anterior inferior temporal lobe lesion
Myokymia
involuntary, spontaneous, localized quivering of a few muscles, or bundles within a muscle, but which are insufficient to move a joint
-> most common: superior oblique myokymia
