Definicje

Question 1

Astereognosis

Answer 1

inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input
-> lesions of the parietal lobe or dorsal column

Question 2

Agraphesthesia

Answer 2

difficulty recognizing a written number or letter traced on the skin
-> lesions of the parietal lobe or thalamus

Question 3

Argyll-Robertson pupil

Answer 3

bilateral small pupils that reduce in size on a near object (accommodation), but do not constrict when exposed to bright light
-> neurosyphilis, Parinaud syndrome

Question 4

Marcus-Gunn pupil

Answer 4

during the swinging-flashlight test -> the patient’s pupils dilate when a bright light is swung from the unaffected eye to the affected eye

Question 5

Apraxia

Answer 5

difficulty with the motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked
-> frontal or posterior parietal cortex demage

Question 6

Aphasia

Answer 6

inability to comprehend or formulate language

Question 7

Agnosia

Answer 7

inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells
-> damage to the occipitotemporal border (part of ventral stream)

Question 8

Dysarthria

Answer 8

injury of the motor component of the motor–speech system

Question 9

Akathisia

Answer 9

feeling of inner restlessness and inability to stay still

-> dopamine system

Question 10

Asterixis

Answer 10

jerking movements of the outstretched hands when bent upward at the wrist

• > abnormal function of the diencephalic motor centers
• > metabolic disorders

Question 11

Athetosis

Answer 11

slow, involuntary, convoluted, writhing movements of different parts of a body (usually fingers, hands, toes, and feet)
-> stratium lesion

Question 12

Dystonia

Answer 12

neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder syndrome in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures

Question 13

Myoclonus

Answer 13

brief, involuntary, irregular twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles

Question 14

Extinction

Answer 14

impaired ability of perceiving multiple stimuli of the same type simultaneously
-> damage resulting in lesions on one side of the brain

Question 15

Wernicke aphasia

Answer 15

= receptive, sensory
type of aphasia in which individuals have difficulty understanding written and spoken language
-> posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) = Wernicke’s area in dominating hemisphere

Question 16

Broki aphasia

Answer 16

= Expressive
partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual or written), although comprehension generally remains intact
-> lesion of triangular part and opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus (Broki area) in dominating hemisphere

Question 17

Global aphasia

Answer 17

severe form of nonfluent aphasia, that affects both receptive and expressive language skills
-> damage to Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and insular regions (associated with aspects of language)

Question 18

Conduction aphasia

Answer 18

= associative
intact auditory comprehension, coherent (yet paraphasic) speech production, but poor speech repetition
-> specific damage to the arcuate fasciculus connecting Broki and Wernicke area
-> dominating inferior parietal lobe (supramarginal gyrus) or superior temporal gyrus

Question 19

Transcortical motos aphasia

Answer 19

difficulties forming complex sentences, choosing which words to use appropriately, and initiating speech in conversation with preserved repeating ability
-> damage in the anterior superior frontal lobe (watershed region)

Question 20

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 20

poor auditory comprehension and fluent speech with semantic paraphasias present, intact repetition
-> lesions in the inferior left temporal lobe (watershed region)

Question 21

Transcortical mixed aphasia

Answer 21

severe speaking and comprehension impairment, but with preserved repetition
-> lesions in both inferior left temporal lobe and anterior superior frontal lobe (watershed regions)

Question 22

Amnestic aphasia

Answer 22

mild, fluent type of aphasia where individuals have word retrieval failures and cannot express the words they want to say
-> may be caused by damage to almost anywhere in the dominating hemisphere

Question 23

Subcortical aphasia

Answer 23

partial or total loss of the ability to communicate verbally, usually mutism, paraphasias are present, intact repetition
-> lesions in the basal ganglia, white matter tracts, or thalamus

Question 24

Agraphia

Answer 24

loss in the ability to communicate through writing
Frontal -> usually with aphasia, spelling knowledge is lost to such a degree that the individual can only write very few meaningful words, or cannot write any words at all
Parietal -> damage to the various motor and visualization skills involved in writing (paragrahia)

Question 25

Alexia

Answer 25

loss in the ability to read

1. without agraphia -> medial part of parietal lobe
2. with agraphia -> joint area of temporal and parietal area (supraangular gyrus)

Question 26

Abulia/ Aboulia

Answer 26

lack of will or initiative -> disorder of diminished motivation (DDM)
-> Injuries to the frontal lobe and/or the basal ganglia (dopamine system)

Question 27

Oscillopsia

Answer 27

Visual disturbance in which objects in the visual field appear to oscillate

Question 28

Anosognosia

Answer 28

Deficit of self-awareness, a condition in which a person with a disability is unaware of having it

Question 29

Asomatognosia

Answer 29

a form of neglect in which patients deny ownership of body parts such as their limbs

Question 30

Hemispatial neglect

Answer 30

deficit in attention to and awareness of one side of the field of vision is observed

Question 31

Muteness or mutism

Answer 31

absence of speech while conserving or maintaining the ability to understand the speech of others

Question 32

Autotopagnosia

Answer 32

inability to orient parts of the body

-> lesion in the parietal part of the posterior thalmic radiations

Question 33

Prosopagnosia

Answer 33

ability to recognize familiar faces, including one’s own face (self-recognition), is impaired
-> lesion in fusiform gyrus = lateral occipitotemporal gyrus

Question 34

Akinetopsia

Answer 34

inability to perceive motion in visual fields

-> lesions in the posterior side of the visual cortex or bilateral lesion of middle temporal cortex

Question 35

Auditory agnos

Answer 35

inability to recognize or differentiate between sounds

Question 36

Apperceptive visual agnosia

Answer 36

unable to distinguish visual shapes and so have trouble recognizing, copying, or discriminating between different visual stimuli
-> damage in proximity to the occipital lobe

Question 37

Associative visual agnosia

Answer 37

Patients can describe visual scenes and classes of objects but still fail to recognize them. They may, for example, know that a fork is something you eat with but may mistake it for a spoon

• > are still able to reproduce an image through copying
• > dominant anterior inferior temporal lobe lesion

Question 38

Myokymia

Answer 38

involuntary, spontaneous, localized quivering of a few muscles, or bundles within a muscle, but which are insufficient to move a joint
-> most common: superior oblique myokymia