Define well

Question 1

The four fields of anthropology and what they study?

Answer 1

1. Archaeology- study material culture ex) bones, artifacts
2. Physical/Biological- study bodies of humans and closely related primates (forensics; think of Bones)
3. Linguistic- study of language and communication ex) oral comm., body language, tattoos, etc.
4. Cultural- study culture of people

Question 2

19th & 20th century anthropological tools? (8)

Answer 2

19th Century to 20th Century Evolution
1. Armchair Anthropology- sit and read about another culture
to 2. Fieldwork- participant observation; went into the culture itself
3. Checklist Anthropology- compared different cultures using a specific set of variables in a checklist format
to 4. Holism- each part of the culture is interconnected and cannot be understood without reference to the whole
5. Unilinear Evolution- the idea that humanity is on a linear scale that goes from savage to barbarian to civilized
to 6. Historical Particularism- each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past
7. Ethnocentrism- judging another culture based solely by the values/standards of one’s own culture
to 8. Cultural Relativity- regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself

Question 3

All of the terms used to describe elements of tribal-scale cultures? (6)

Answer 3

1. Leadership (not rulers) with achieved status
2. Egalitarian redistribution and/or sharing
3. Nomadic or semi-nomadic; Usually seasonal, based on cultural knowledge/expertise
4. Subsistence economy- foraging (hunting/gathering), farming, or pastoralism-change
5. Sustainable production- less intensive use of resources; does not deplete the environment
6. More egalitarian- fairly equal access to wealth, power, and prestige

Question 4

Types of reciprocity? (generalized, balanced, and negative)

Answer 4

1. Generalized- Giving and expecting nothing in return ex) donate blood, parents, siblings
2. Balanced- Giving and expecting something in return; does not have to be of the same value or have a deadline ex) inviting friends for dinner and they bring the wine
3. Negative- Each party is trying to get as much as they can out of the other; bartering ex) car dealerships, garage sales, pawn shops

Question 5

Scientific racism?

Answer 5

Making racism look true/real/scientific (pseudoscience)

Question 6

Social Darwinism?

Answer 6

The idea that ‘might is right’; Misapplication of Darwinism; If you can kill others then they must be inferior and if you can get away with it then why not?