Be able to discuss/apply

Question 1

Specific examples of the typical consequences of “contact” (ecocide, genocide, ethnocide, incorporation) from the readings on Australian Aborigines?

Answer 1

1. Ecocide- drilling for oil in sacred land; took over land for cattle
2. Genocide- hunted for sport; often slaughtered like at queensland & waterloo
3. Ethnocide- ‘stolen generation’: stole children in order to assimilate into white Australian culture; caused acculturation: losing your first culture
4. Incorporation- left tribes to work for cattle ranchers at low wages

Question 2

!Kung related to tribal scale cultures?

Answer 2

1. Leadership- can only persuade, not command
2. Egalitarian redistribution- pool hunting/gathering; strong emphasis on sharing
3. More egalitarian- no accumulation of wealth; no disparity
4. Nomadic or semi-nomadic- camp in relation to wells; frequent movement between camps; spend a lot of time visiting
5. Subsistence economy- wide variety of food; mongongo nuts; collect food every 3-4 days; 60-80% vegetable diet collected by women
6. Sustainable production- forage every 3-4 days; choosy because of abundance/variety; eat few of the edible species of animals and vegetables

Question 3

the Dreaming related to tribal scale cultures?

Answer 3

1. Subsistence economy- foragers
2. Sustainable production- animism; beliefs in who they are and how they got there are embedded in the environment; the land is sacred

Question 4

“Fieldwork” and 19th century anthropology?

Answer 4

Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer and Frank Gillen:

1. Unilinear evolution- isolated cultures were considered humans’ primitive past and were savages, doomed to disappear; uncontaminated by civilization; early history of mankind
2. Ethnocentrism- ignorant use of the knife; “like” an expert artist; look like wild beasts; call practices “strange” instead of figuring out “why”

Question 5

“Fieldwork” and 20th century anthropology?

Answer 5

Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer and Frank Gillen:

1. Historical particularism- Europeans thought they were primitive/simple but were actually complex
2. Fieldwork- Gillen won Aborigine trust and was admitted as an elder; participated in sacred rituals and other practices

Question 6

How were English colonizer’s ideologies explained and justified the social order of colonization? (4)

Answer 6

1. Social Darwinism- Europeans believed they were the mightiest so they were able to kill whoever and take whatever land they wanted ex) Guarani
2. Ethnocentrism- since Europeans believed European culture was the standard/best they believed they were helping others by forcing them to assimilate ex) stolen generation
3. Scientific racism- since racism was “true” it was okay for Europeans to treat people of other races however they wanted ex) Guarani, Aboriginal Australians
4. Unilinear evolution- Europeans believed they were at the civilized end of the scale and anyone below them on the scale was inferior